Status of Serum Magnesium and Uric Acid in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem with relatively high prevalence rates worldwide (5.0-13.0%). COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and results in an economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship of biochemical alterations of serum magnesium and uric acid with frequent exacerbations, hypoxia, increase hospital stay, morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. Data was collected from Medicine Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. A total number of 120 subjects participated in this study. Out of them, 60 apparently normal healthy individuals were selected as Group I and another 60 diagnosed COPD patients were selected as Group II. The results were calculated and analyzed by using statistical package for social science (SPSS), windows package version 21.0. Serum magnesium was measured by photoelectric colorimetric method using the test kit and serum uric acid was measured by enzymatic colorimetric method using the test kit. Data were expressed in mean±SD and statistical significance of different parameter was done by Pearson's correlation co-efficient test. The mean±SD values of serum magnesium were 2.15±0.29mg/dl and 1.54±0.30mg/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. Result was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). The mean±SD values of serum uric acid were 5.43±2.05mg/dl and 6.86±1.61mg/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. Result was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that there was significant (p=0.001) negative correlation (r= -0.415) found between serum magnesium and serum uric acid in study group. In this study, the result suggested that there was significant relation between COPD exacerbations and alteration of these biochemical parameters. So, by this study we recommended that routine evaluation of these parameters is important for prevention of exacerbations, reduction of morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD.

Study of Serum Zinc Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

A major global public health concern is the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. While still battling communicable diseases, Bangladesh is already inundated with non-communicable diseases. Type 2 diabetes has been found in almost 90.0% of all instances of diabetes. The main risk factors for type 2 diabetes are an excessively caloric diet, advanced age, sedentary behavior and obesity. Along with preexisting risk factors, many micro-nutrients have been related to a rise in the incidence of diabetes. The study's objective was to measure and contrast the zinc levels in serum between individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy controls. This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to June 2019 at the Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the subjects were chosen using a purposeful (non-random) sample method. In total, 100 people participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: 50 individuals who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus were chosen as cases and 50 individuals who appeared to be in generally excellent health were chosen as controls. For the analytical aims of this investigation, serum zinc levels were examined. All values were expressed as the mean SD. The statistical analyses were carried out using the Windows program statistics package for social science (SPSS). The statistical significance of the difference between the case and control groups was evaluated using the Student's unpaired 't' test. A thorough research revealed that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients had significantly lower mean serum zinc levels than healthy controls (case group was 110.96±13.60 and control group 130.18±9.95µg/dl). Cross-sectional research was used in this study. The current study's findings showed that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients had dramatically changed serum zinc levels. The study's hypothesis was verified as a result.

Relationship of Serum Creatinine Level in Heart Failure Patients in Bangladesh.

Heart failure means that the heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly. It usually happens because the heart has become too weak or stuff. In collaboration with department of Cardiology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh this cross-sectional study from January to December 2018 was performed in the department of Biochemistry in Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of serum creatinine in patients with heart failure (HF) for management purpose. In this study 120 subjects were included, where 60 patients of diagnosed HF acts as case group and 60 individuals were normal healthy acts as control group. Serum creatinine was determined by colorimetric method from each sample. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS windows package, version 21. Among the study groups the mean serum creatinine levels were 2.20±0.87mg/dl and 0.92±0.26mg/dl in case and control group respectively. Analysis showed that the mean serum creatinine level was highly significantly (p<0.001) increased in HF patients in comparison to that of control group.

Comparative Efficacy of Levosalbutamol and Racemic Salbutamol in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of Asthma.

Asthma is a major noncommunicable disease (NCD), affecting both children and adults, and is the most common chronic disease among children. It is common in all ages and the prevalence is increasing in most countries, especially among children as because of urbanization. Multiple therapeutic modalities are available for management of acute asthma. The commonly used formulation is Racemic Salbutamol which contains equal amounts of both R and S isomers. Levosalbutamol contains only R isomer. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of levosalbutamol and racemic salbutamol for the treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma in children (5 to 15 years). A randomized double blind clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh from October 2013 to March 2014. In this study randomization was done in two groups. Group A received nebulized levosalbutamol (LEV) and Group B received nebulized racemic salbutamol (RAC). The study parameters were respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation in room air (SpO2), PEFR, asthma score and serum K+ level. The results of treatment outcome were compared between two groups. After treatment the respiratory rate was 24.4±5.6 per minute versus 27.6±5.3 per minute (p<0.05); heart rate was 115.5±16.4 per minute versus 124.5±12.0 per minute (p<0.05); SpO2 was 97.2±1.8% vs 95.0±1.6% (p<0.05); PEFR was found 159.6±30.7L/min versus 143.8±27.1L/min (p<0.05) in the LEV and RAC group respectively. LEV is more effective than RAC in respect to significant improvement of asthma score. Regarding adverse events racemic salbutamol causes significant tachycardia. The study concluded that nebulized levosalbutamol is superior to racemic salbutamol in children in the treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma.

HbA1c and Troponin-I Levels and Their Relationship in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Acute coronary syndrome is a growing public health concern. Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to develop acute coronary syndrome due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Acute coronary syndrome is common in diabetes mellitus and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. Troponin-I is a biochemical marker for cardiac muscle injury. Elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is also regarded as an independent risk factor for acute coronary syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus.The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of HbA1c and Troponin-I level in patients with acute coronary syndrome. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Total study subjects were ninety five of both gender selected from the admitted patients of the cardiology department of the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka. Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome was confirmed by cardiologist. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by Random Blood Glucose (RBG) level. Study subjects were grouped, acute coronary syndrome with diabetes mellitus as Group A and acute coronary syndrome without diabetes mellitus as Group B. Baseline parameters was recorded in data collection sheet. HbA1c, Troponin-I level of all study subjects were analyzed and recorded. Mean age of the study subjects in Group A and Group B were 51.06 years and 51.66 years respectively. Male gender was predominant in both groups. Mean SBP and DBP were significantly higher in Group A than Group B. Mean HbA1c level of the study subjects in Group A was significantly higher than Group B (p=0.001). Mean Troponin-I level in Group A was also significantly higher than Group B (p=0.023). HbA1c and Troponin-I levels were positively correlated in Group A (r=0.471, p=0.001). The present study demonstrated significant positive correlation of HbA1c and Troponin-I level in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Study of Changes in Serum Copper Level in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) commonly known as heart attack is defined pathologically as the irreversible death of myocardial cells caused by ischemia. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol and excessive alcohol intake. The major cause of acute MI is coronary atherosclerosis with superimposed luminal thrombus, which accounts for more than 80% of all infarcts. Micronutrients and trace elements are very essential for normal functioning of the body. Even though they are required in very small amount, an alteration in the level of this element may lead to serious diseases like CAD and its consequences. The injury induced by reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium could result partially from the cytotoxic effects of oxygen free radicals. Copper is involved in several of the reactions in the protection from free radical damage. So, this study was designed to evaluate serum cupper level in AMI patients. This case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2017. Total number of subjects was 120 in number. Among them 60 were diagnosed case of acute myocardial infarction and 60 were apparently healthy volunteers. Data were collected using pre-designed data collection sheets. After proper counseling informed written consent was taken from the study population. The study revealed that mean serum copper level was higher in case group as compared to control group. The mean±SD values of copper were 105.44±24.15µg/dl and 146.49±23.52µg/dl in control and case group respectively. The level of significance was 0.001 (p<0.05). After analyzing the results of the study it is concluded that serum copper level was significantly higher in Acute Myocardial Infarction patients than normal individuals. Therefore, estimation of serum copper level in AMI patients might be useful to take appropriate measure to prevent free radical induced reperfusion injury.

Study of Serum Calcium and Magnesium Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is a significant global public health concern, particularly in emerging nations like Bangladesh. Bangladesh is already overrun with non-communicable diseases while still battling communicable diseases. About 90.0% of all cases of diabetes that have been diagnosed are type 2 diabetes. High calorie diet, age, sedentary lifestyle and obesity are the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Different micronutrients have been linked to an increased incidence of diabetes in addition to existing risk factors. The goal of the study was to assess the serum levels of calcium and magnesium in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and compare them to those in healthy controls. This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to June 2019 at the Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Department of Biochemistry in cooperation with the Department of Endocrinology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Purposive (non-random) sampling was used to pick the subjects based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study had 100 individuals in total. Out of them, 50 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had been diagnosed were chosen as cases, and another 50 people who appeared to be in generally good health were chosen as controls. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured for this study's analytical purposes. The mean±SD was used to express all values. The statistical package for social science (SPSS), a Windows application, was used to conduct the statistical analyses. Using the Student's unpaired 't' test, the statistical significance of the difference between the case and control groups was assessed. Following comprehensive analysis, it was discovered that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients had considerably lower mean serum calcium (in case group was 8.46±0.63 and control group 8.86±0.64mg/dl) and magnesium levels (in case group was 2.09±0.42 and control group 2.24±0.16mg/dl) than healthy controls. According to the results of the current investigation, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly altered serum calcium and magnesium levels. As a result, the study's hypothesis was accepted.

Evaluation of Liver Function Tests in ß-Thalassemia Major Children.

Thalassemia is the most prevalent single gene defect in human beings worldwide. Repeated blood transfusions along with chelation therapy are mainstay of treatment in thalassemia patients. However these recurrent blood transfusions result in iron overload which along with chelation therapy causes deterioration of liver function. Aim of the study was to evaluate the liver function tests in ß-thalassemia major patients. This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2017 to December 2017. In this study, 50 diagnosed patients of ß Thalassemia major (Group A) and 50 apparently healthy children (Group B) of both sexes were selected from the department of Paediatrics, Dhaka medical college. The study parameters were serum ferritin, bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP. The results were compared statistically between groups. Serum ferritin level (mean±SD) in thalassemic major patients in Group A (890±446.38 microgram/L) which is significantly higher above normal level. Serum bilirubin in Group A (3.27±2.62 mg/dl) and in Group B (0.48±0.24 mg/dl), Serum ALT in Group A (53.06±34.0 U/L) and in Group B (16.70±4.81 U/L), AST in Group A (84.56±33.54 U/L) and in Group B (11.60±2.72 U/L) and ALP levels in Group A (422.42±226.99 IU/L) and in Group B (221.86±80.54 IU/L). All the values were significantly higher (p<0.001) in ß-thalassemia patient than that of normal children. This study concludes that liver function parameters are significantly higher in ß thalassemia major patients. So routine evaluation of liver function tests may be advocated for thalassemic patients to predict early onset of hepatic dysfunction.

Pigtail Catheter in the Management of Liver Abscess.

Amoebic liver abscess is a common condition in Bangladesh. Though conservative treatment plays a major role, refractory patients can be successfully treated with minimally invasive approach. This prospective study was carried out to evaluate the prospect of sono-guided percutaneous catheter drainage for liver abscess patients not responding to conservative treatment. This study was done at Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January 2005 to June 2006 among patients with liver abscess that were treated conservatively outside and got admitted in different surgery and medicine units. Included 35 patients were evaluated clinically and through relevant investigations. Sono-guided percutaneous pigtail catheter was introduced for drainage and patients were followed up for two weeks on average at hospital indoor by amount of drainage, clinical improvement and serial follow up USG. After discharge from the hospital, all patients were followed up monthly and assessed clinically and ultrasonographically up to two months on outdoor basis. Thirty five patients underwent pigtail catheter drainage that was refractory to conservative treatment or needle aspiration. Following insertion of catheter patients who were pyrexic, fever subsided in two to three days and never back during the postoperative period and follow up. Antimicrobials were changed according to the report of the culture and sensitivity of the aspirate that was done routinely. Maximum total (4300 ml) amount of pus was drained in a patient. Average duration of catheter drainage in this study was 8 days. With a very low morbidity and zero mortality rates, minimum treatment costs and early return to regular life style proved this minimally invasive procedure to be a rational treatment option for amoebic liver abscess in selective cases.

Benzylidene anabaseines act as high-affinity agonists for insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Benzylidene anabaseines are agonists selective for vertebrate alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), while they exhibit antagonist activity toward vertebrate alpha4beta2-nAChR. To investigate the effects of benzylidene anabaseines on insect nAChRs, we performed [3H]epibatidine-binding assays and neurophysiological experiments using American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) nerve-cord preparations. Of the six compounds tested, 3-benzylideneanabaseine (BA) and 6'-chloro-3-benzylideneanabaseine (CBA) displayed the highest potency in the binding assays, with K(i)s of 35.0 and 21.2nM, respectively. The introduction of a nitro group at the 4-position of the phenyl group led to a decrease in affinity by two orders of magnitude, while that of a chlorine atom at the 6'-position had little effect on affinity. In neurophysiological experiments, BA at 3.3 microg/ml increased the spike frequency observed with the nerve preparation, as observed with nicotine at 16.6 microg/ml. These findings suggest that benzylidene anabaseines act as high-affinity agonists in P. americana nAChRs and that they might therefore prove useful as probes for insect nAChRs.

Triterpenoidal constituents from Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa leaves.

An investigation on the constituents of the fresh, uncrushed leaves of Ecalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa has led to the isolation of the triterpenoid amirinic acid and four known triterpenoids ursolic acid lactone, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. Amirinic acid transformed into amirolide in deuterated chloroform at room temperature. The new products were characterized by exhaustive spectroscopic studies as 2alpha,3beta,7beta-trihydroxy-11alpha-methoxyurs -12-en-28-oic acid and 2alpha,3beta,7beta-trihydroxyurs-11-en-28,13beta -olide.

Spasmolytic constituents from Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa leaves.

Phytochemical studies on the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa have resulted in the isolation of a new triterpenoid camaldulin (3beta-formyloxyurs-11-en-28,13beta-olide) (1) along with ursolic acid lactone acetate (2), ursolic acid lactone (3), betulinic acid (4), and beta-sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5). The structures were assigned on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR studies. Compounds 1-3 were tested for spasmolytic activity and were found to possess calcium antagonist activity.

Detection of HIV-antibody evaluation of four commercially available enzyme immunoassays.

We evaluated 550 serum samples with four commercially available enzyme immunoassays and Western Blot was used as the confirmatory test for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Wellcozyme (Wellcome), Flow HIV-TEK G, and Behring test kits identified all 50 Western Blot positive samples correctly, whereas DuPont failed to detect one sample. None of the kit was able to pickup one sample that showed a faint P24 band on Western Blot strip. The frequency of false positive reaction in the 500 negative serum samples were Wellcome 0%, Behring and DuPont 0.2% and Flow HIV-TEK 0.4%.