Medicinal Plants and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Treatment of Arthritis: A Literature Review.

Context: Arthritis is an inflammatory disease of diarthrodial joints and is associated with swollen inflamed joints, disruption of joints, and loss of integrity of articular cartilage and synovial joints. Objective: The current review intended to examine the data on the epidemiology, causes, clinical diagnosis, and prevention and control of different types of arthritis and on the use of medicinal plants in gouty arthritis. Design: The research team performed a literature review, searching relevant literature databases, including bioRxiv, medRxiv, Google Scholar, Embase, PsychINFO, and PubMed. The search terms were arthritis, diarthodial joints, use of medicinal plants in gouty arthritis, and synovial joints. Setting: The study took place in the main library of the University of Sargodha in Sargodha, Pakistan. Results: The research team identified 135 studies, and eventually 92 unique academic publications were included in the analysis. Arthritis can develop and progress in any musculoskeletal joint, and most commonly occurs in knees, hips, shoulders, and hands. Major risk factors for arthritis include age, obesity, trauma, other diseases, and smoking. Arthritis is classified into various types, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), gouty arthritis, septic arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). RA and OA are the most common types worldwide. RA is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune cells attack the joints. OA develops due to damage of cartilage, tissues, and joints due to age, obesity, or stress on joints. Gouty arthritis develops due to hyperuricemia; deposits of monosodium urate crystals can lead to gouty arthritis. Septic arthritis occurs due to a microbial infection in synovial joints because in synovial joints the basement membrane is absent. PsA develops due to the psoriasis-skin disease. Conclusions: The current review showed that different types of arthritis has different causes and pathogeneses. Pain in joints is a major and common symptom in all types of arthritis. Arthritis is managed pharmacologically and nonpharmacologically. Treatment is different for each class of arthritis according to its cause and symptoms.

The Potentially Recommended Pharmacotherapy for COVID-19.

CONTEXT: A completely unique coronavirus (2019-nCoV), formally referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), appeared in China. SARS-CoV-2 is an etiological mediator of coronavirus 2 (COVID-19), characterized by pneumonic contagion in human beings. In spite of forceful suppression, this virus has spread worldwide. No specific drugs have been approved by the FDA for treating COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE: The study intended to examine the data from studies on clinical management of COVID-19. DESIGN: The research team performed a literature review, searching relevant literature databases. The sources of data included bioRxiv, medRxiv, Google Scholar, Embase, PsychINFO, WanFang Data, and PubMed. The search terms were treatment of the novel coronavirus, management of nCoV-19, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine. SETTING: The study took place in the main library of the University of Sargodha in Sargodha, Pakistan. RESULTS: The study identified 42 unique studies that had reported and confirmed over 1500 cases of nCoV-19 by April 21, 2020. The studies found that clinical management, for patients who presented with symptoms, included supportive care and control measures that comprised mechanical ventilator support and supplementary oxygen. CONCLUSIONS: There have been intensive attempts to explore drug therapy for the prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection during this COVID-19 pandemic. Several drugs have been identified which including remdesivir, two antimalarials (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and immunosuppressive agents. The effects of most drug interventions are currently highly uncertain and several drugs and vaccines are under trail for the effective treatment of COVID-19 virus, until an effective treatment will discover social distancing and physical hygiene should be practiced strictly.