ABSTRACT
Painful peripheral neuropathy due to the antiretroviral therapy used to treat HIV is one of the most prevalent side effects occurring in at least 30% of patients living with this infection. We have evaluated the electrophysiological and behavioral effects of d4T and ddC on peripheral large and small nerve fibers in male rats treated with d4T (Sprague-Dawley, 50 mg/kg, twice within 1 week), ddC (Wistar, 50 mg/kg, 3 times per week for 3 weeks), or vehicle. The effect of the interventions was assessed using behavioral measures of mechanical sensitivity, conventional nerve conduction studies, and microneurographic single nerve C-fiber recordings. To mimic as much as possible the human clinical condition, all treated animals were included in the study. No statistically significant differences were observed in behavioral parameters of mechanical sensitivity. Nerve conduction studies did not reveal any significant change in the ddC-treated group. In contrast, we observed electrophysiological evidence of significant demyelinating neuropathy 1 week after the start of d4T treatment. Additionally, spontaneous activity in mechanoinsensitive C-nociceptors was observed in both drug-treated groups. No relationship could be established between measures of spontaneous activity in C-nociceptors and the results of the behavioral tests. Our results show that both models of antiretroviral-induced neuropathy differ in their effects on peripheral nerves. However, both groups present abnormal spontaneous activity in mechanoinsensitive C-nociceptors that can be used as a model for pharmacological intervention.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/toxicity , Disease Models, Animal , Neural Conduction/drug effects , Pain Threshold/drug effects , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/complications , Action Potentials/drug effects , Animals , Male , Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology , Neurophysiology , Pain Measurement , Physical Stimulation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Stavudine/toxicity , Zalcitabine/toxicityABSTRACT
Dipyridamole (DP) is a platelet inhibitor with known antithrombotic benefits in stroke prevention. In addition to its anti-aggregant properties, recent studies have reported that DP promotes anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. We aimed to test whether post-treatment with DP may exert protection after ischemic cerebral injury in the rat. For this purpose, rats were subjected to 120 min or 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 or 48 h of reperfusion, respectively. Either DP (100mg/kg) or vehicle was administered i.v. at the onset of reperfusion; rats subjected to 90 min MCAO also received additional doses of DP orally (60 mg/kg) at 24 and 36 h after ischemia. Matrix metalloproteinases, extravasated hemoglobin content and IL-6, MIP-1α and MCP-1 cytokine level were examined in brain tissue by zymography, western blot and multiple ELISA, respectively. DP post-treatment led to a neurological improvement in both models (p < 0.05) and a significant reduction in the infarct volume of rats subjected to 90 min of ischemia, as compared to vehicle group (7.9% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.03). This neuroprotection was accompanied by a modest increase in expression of MMP-9 pro-form and a significant attenuation of MIP-1α levels in the infarcted hemisphere. These results provide support for the development of novel therapies based on DP for acute treatment of stroke. In selected animals, intravenous administration of high dose DP induced an adverse hypotensive effect leading to rapid death. Thus, alternative ways of acute administration must be examined in order to avoid this unfavorable effect.
