Estimation of time trends of incidence of prostate cancer--an Indian scenario.

BACKGROUND: With increase in life expectancy, adoption of newer lifestyles and screening using prostate specific antigen (PSA), the incidence of prostate cancer is on rise. Globally prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer death in men. The present communication makes an attempt to analyze the time trends in incidence for different age groups of the Indian population reported in different Indian registries using relative difference and regression approaches. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The data published in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents for various Indian registries for different periods and/or publications by the individual registries served as the source materials. Trends were estimated by computing the mean annual percentage change (MAPC) in the incidence rates using the relative difference between two time periods (latest and oldest) and also by estimation of annual percentage change (EAPC) by the Poisson regression model. RESULTS: Age adjusted incidence rates (AAR) of prostate cancer for the period 2005-2008 ranged from 0.8 (Manipur state excluding Imphal west) to 10.9 (Delhi) per 105 person-years. Age specific incidence rates (ASIR) increased in all PBCRs especially after 55 years showing a peak incidence at +65 years clearly indicating that prostate cancer is a cancer of the elderly. MAPC in crude incidence rate(CR) ranged from 0.14 (Ahmedabad) to 8.6 (Chennai) . Chennai also recorded the highest MAPC of 5.66 in ASIR in the age group of 65+. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the AAR ranged from 0.8 to 5.8 among the three registries. Increase in trend was seen in the 5-64 year age group cohort in many registries and in the 35-44 age group in Metropolitan cities such as Delhi and Mumbai. CONCLUSIONS: Several Indian registries have revealed an increasing trend in the incidence of prostate cancer and the mean annual percentage change has ranged from 0.14-8.6.

Increase in incidence of cancer of corpus uteri: estimation of time trends - an Indian scenario.

Reports of increasing rates of cancer of the corpus uteri in several countries prompted this analysis of time trends. This study reports the trends in the incidence rate of cancer of the corpus uteri in Indian women. The data published in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents for various Indian registries for different periods and/or publication by the individual registries served as the source material. The mean annual percentage change in the incidence rates was computed using the relative difference between two time periods (latest and furthermost) and estimation of annual percentage change (EAPC) was also computed by the Poisson regression model. In 1998-2005, the incidence rate of cancer of the corpus uteri [age standardized rate (ASR)], was highest in Delhi and lowest in Pune and Imphal West (4.4 and 0.0 per 100,000 woman-years, respectively). The incidence rate in most of the registries between the two time periods showed an increase with few exceptions. Estimation of EAPC carried out in Mumbai, Chennai, and Bangalore PBCRs for the period 1983-2002 showed statistically significant increases in crude rate, ASR, and age-specific incidence rates (ASIR). The largest EAPC in ASR was in Bangalore (6.4%) and the smallest in Chennai (1.8%). Incidence trends for cancer of the corpus uteri appeared to result from an increase in the prevalence of risk factors and in improvement in diagnostic procedures. Most cancer of the corpus uteri is environmental in origin. Limiting fat consumption and avoiding excess energy intake may result in some reduction in the incidence of cancer of the corpus uteri.