Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on diabetes-related oral complications.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled blood sugar levels, which lead to end-organ damage. While the diagnosis and treatment of its complications have been extensively studied, the effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO2) on diabetes-related oral complications remains unexplored. Aim: This prospective clinical study aims to investigate the effect of HBO2 on diabetes-related oral complications. Methods: Twenty patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers and scheduled for HBO2 were included in this study. We recorded stimulated and unstimulated saliva pH, buffering capacity, flow rate, and subjective symptoms such as dry mouth, halitosis, taste loss, difficulty swallowing, and clinical examination findings before HBO2 and after the 21st session. Results: Upon comparing the findings, we observed a significant decrease in dry mouth and halitosis, periodontal disease severity, and healing of candida-related stomatitis and angular cheilitis. Despite not reaching statistical significance for other saliva parameters, the unstimulated salivary flow rate increased to normal limits (0.3-0.4 ml/min) in 6 out of 8 patients with a flow rate of less than 0.25 ml/min. Conclusion: Our study investigated the effect of HBO2 on diabetes-related oral complications for the first time, highlighting symptomatic relief for dry mouth and halitosis. Although our results are insufficient to report a definitive benefit, they underscore the need for further research on the oral health effects of HBO2.

Would hyperbaric oxygen therapy be a supportive treatment method for refractory idiopathic granulomatous mastitis?

BACKGROUND: Refractory IGM causes patients to use antibiotics, steroid therapy, immunosuppressive agents for a very long time and even leads to surgical procedures resulting in the loss of breast tissue. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is a frequently used method in the treatment of wounds that are difficult to heal. We thought that HBOT would be an alternative treatment method for refractory IGM patients. METHODS: It is a retrospective cohort study on refractory IGM patients conducted at three tertiary care treatment centers between January 2021 and July 2023. The patients were evaluated in two groups: those who only took steroid treatment and those who received HBOT and steroid treatment. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, the types of treatment applied and their responses to treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences generally in the demographic and clinical features in both groups. The incidence of multicentric GM was found to be higher in the HBOT group (66.67 %; p = 0.044). Although the recovery results were similar in both groups, the average daily steroid dose and duration of drug use were found to be higher in the group receiving only steroid treatment (16 mg vs. 4 mg and 270 days vs. 30 days) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In our study, we showed for the first time in the literature that HBOT is effective in the treatment of refractory IGM patients. Our study needs to be supported by prospective studies evaluating cost effectiveness and possible long term complications.

Barodontalgia during hyperbaric oxygen therapy of an 8-year-old male: A case report.

Barodontalgia, barometric pressure-induced dental pain, may occur during hyperbaric oxygen(HBO2) therapy due to pressure changes. This case report presents an 8-year-old male patient with barodontalgia. The patient declared a severe toothache during HBO2 therapy. The diving medicine specialist referred the patient to the dental clinician immediately. On clinical examination, the pain was thought to be caused by caries lesions of the deciduous teeth in the left maxillary molar region. Tooth extraction was suggested. After extraction, the patient continued hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions without any pain. The patient was recommended for an intraoral and radiographic examination session one week after the extraction. In conclusion, caries lesions and faulty restorations should be examined before hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions. Even though barodontalgia is a rare phenomenon, dental examination is essential to avoid these kinds of pain-related complications. All carious lesions and defective restorations must be treated, if necessary. Removal of faulty restorations and management of inflammation as part of the treatment is suggested before exposure to pressure changes.

Incidence of dental barotrauma and temporomandibular joint problems of divers in Turkey.

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to examine dental barotrauma and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) complaints in a large group of divers. Methods: This survey study included scuba divers older than 18. The questionnaire contained 25 questions about the demographic characteristics of divers, dental health behaviors, and diving-related dental, sinus and/or temporomandibular joint pain. Results: The study group consisted of 287 instructors, recreational and commercial divers (mean age 38.96 years) (79.1% males). A total of 46% of divers reported a frequency of tooth brushing less than twice a day; 28% never receive a routine dental examination; 22.6% experienced dental pain after and/or during diving, mostly in the upper posterior teeth (40%); 17% required dental treatment; 77% of these cases are restoration fracture. TMJ symptoms after diving were statistically significantly higher in women (p=0.04). Jaw and masticatory muscle pain in the morning (p≺0.001) limitation of mouth opening (p=0.04) and joint sounds in daily life (p≺0.001) were recorded as exacerbated after diving; the results were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: In our study, the localization of barodontalgia was consistent with the distribution of caries and restored tooth areas in the literature. Dive-related TMJ pain was also more common in those with pre-dive problems such as bruxism and joint noise. Our results are important to remind us of the necessity of preventive dentistry practices and early diagnosis of problems in divers. Divers should take personal precautions, such as brushing their teeth twice a day and avoiding the need for urgent treatment. The use of a personalized mouthpiece is also recommended for divers to prevent dive-related temporomandibular joint diseases.

Electrophysiological effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on the healthy retina.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) on the retina after ten sessions in healthy eyes. METHODS: This prospective, interventional study evaluated forty eyes of twenty patients who were treated with HBOT of ten sessions with the diagnosis of an extraocular health problem. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including assessments of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp and pupil-dilated fundus examinations, full-field electroretinography (ffERG) measurements before and after HBOT within 24 h of the 10th session. The ffERG was recorded according to the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision protocol using the RETI-port system. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 40.5 years ranging from 20 to 59 years. Thirteen patients were administered HBOT for avascular necrosis, six patients for sudden hearing loss, and one patient for chronic osteomyelitis of the vertebra. BCVA acuity was 20/20 in all eyes. The mean spherical refractive was 0.56 dioptre (D), and the mean cylindrical refractive error was 0.75 D. Dark-adapted b-wave amplitude in 3.0 ERG was the only variable for the b-wave that showed a statistically significant decrease (p = 0.017). The amplitude of the a-waves in dark-adapted 10.0 ERG and light-adapted 3.0 ERG reduced significantly (p = 0.024, p = 0.025). The amplitude of N 1-P 1 in light-adapted 30 Hz Flicker ERG also demonstrated a statistically significant decrease (p = 0.011). Implicit times did not differ significantly in any of the ffERG data (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HBOT caused the deterioration of a-wave and b-wave amplitudes in ffERG after ten treatment sessions. The results showed that photoreceptors were adversely affected in the short term after HBOT treatment.

The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on retina, choroidal thickness, and choroidal vascularity index.

PURPOSE: To determine the acute and cumulative effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on retina and choroid tissue in healthy eyes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five subjects who were planned to undergo HBOT for non-ophthalmologic indications comprised the population of this prospective study. Central macular thickness (CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and choroidal thickness (CT) (3 points: subfoveal area, 500 µm nasal and fovea temporal) were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) before HBOT and half an hour after the 1st and 20th sessions of HBOT. The subfoveal choroidal area was segmented using ImageJ software with the binarization technique on enhanced depth imaging (EDI) OCT images. Choroidal area (CA), luminal area (LA), and stromal area (SA) were calculated. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was determined as the ratio between LA and CA. RESULTS: The right eyes of 35 patients aged between 22 and 59 years were enrolled in the study. The mean CMT values of the patients were 259.36 ± 22.31 µm, 256.94 ± 22.72 µm, and 254.58 ± 23.02 µm before HBOT, after the 1st session, and after the 20th session, respectively. The change in CMT values before and after HBOT was statistically significant (p=0.001). When the patients' RNFL, CT, CA, SA, LA, and CVI changes before and after the HBOT were examined, no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study jointly evaluates the effect of HBOT on the vascular and stromal components of the choroid and macula in healthy eyes. Due to its thinning effect on the macula, it can be preferred as an adjunctive and facilitating treatment option in addition to current treatments in patients with macular edema due to retinal vascular disorders.

A diving physician's experience of dental barotrauma during hyperbaric chamber exposure: case report.

Previous cases of dental barotrauma have been reported in pilots and divers. We report a case of dental barotrauma and barodontalgia in a diving physician accompanying patients during hyperbaric oxygen treatment, and due to pressure changes in the hyperbaric chamber. The physician developed sharp pain localised to the right maxillary molars but radiating to the face, ear and head during decompression from 243 kPa (2.4 atmospheres absolute). The pain intensified following completion of decompression and was consistent with irreversible pulpitis. Clinical examination and panoramic radiography suggested fracture of a heavily restored tooth due to barotrauma. This was managed by tooth extraction. The physician subsequently discontinued accompanying the patients during their hyperbaric oxygen treatment sessions. Dentists and maxillofacial surgery specialists suggest waiting for a minimum of four weeks or until the tooth socket and/or oral tissue has healed sufficiently to minimise the risk of infection or further trauma before exposure to further pressure change. Although seemingly rare, and despite the comparatively slow pressure changes, dental barotrauma can occur in hyperbaric chamber occupants.

Demographic characteristics and delayed neurological sequelae risk factors in carbon monoxide poisoning.

AIM: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas and tasteless. CO poisoning (COP) is one of the most frequently encountered inhalation poisonings. The most common cause of morbidity in COP is delayed neurological sequelae (DNS). DNS is the occurrence of neuropsychiatric findings within 2-240 days after discharge of patients with COP and there are no definitive diagnostic criteria. The aim of our study is; to determine the risk factors and incidence of DNS. METHOD: Our study is a retrospective, observational study. Patients with the diagnosis of COP in the emergency department between 2015 and 2016 were included in the study. Patients age, gender, findings in the initial physical examination (PE) and neurological examination (NE), blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level, relation between hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment and DNS were assessed. RESULTS: Total of 72 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 33.43 ±â€¯20.89. It was determined that pathological findings in the initial NE are a significant predictive factor for DNS (Odds ratio 18.600, p:0.004). Significant relation between NE and HBO treatment was present (p:00.1). There was no statistically significant relationship between initial COHb level and receiving HBO treatment (p:0.9). Median COHb level of patients with DNS was 30 (min:10, max: 43), median COHb level of patients without DNS was 25 (min:10, max:44) and there was no statistically significant relationship between the two groups according to COHb levels (p:0.7). CONCLUSION: Pathological findings in the initial neurological examination had a predictive value for delayed neurological sequelae in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning.