Photoswitchable Fluorescent Diarylethene Derivatives with Thiophene 1,1-Dioxide Groups: Effect of Alkyl Substituents at the Reactive Carbons.

Photoswitching and fluorescent properties of sulfone derivatives of 1,2-bis(2-alkyl-4-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene, 1-5, having methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and i-butyl substituents at the reactive carbons (2- and 2'-positions) of the thiophene 1,1-dioxide rings were studied. Diarylethenes 1-5 underwent isomerization reactions between open-ring and closed-ring forms upon alternate irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) and visible light and showed fluorescence in the closed-ring forms. The alkyl substitution at the reactive carbons affects the fluorescent property of the closed-ring isomers. The closed-ring isomers 2b-5b with ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and i-butyl substituents show higher fluorescence quantum yields than 1b with methyl substituents. In polar solvents, the fluorescence quantum yield of 1b markedly decreases, while 2b-5b maintain the relatively high fluorescence quantum yields. Although the cycloreversion quantum yields of the derivatives with methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and i-propyl substituents are quite low and in the order of 10-5, introduction of i-butyl substituents was found to increase the yield up to the order of 10-3. These results indicate that appropriate alkyl substitution at the reactive carbons is indispensable for properly controlling the photoswitching and fluorescent properties of the photoswitchable fluorescent diarylethenes, which are potentially applicable to super-resolution fluorescence microscopies.

Fluorescent Photochromic Diarylethene That Turns on with Visible Light.

A new fluorescent photochromic diarylethene that can be activated by irradiation with 405 nm light was synthesized. The turn-on mode switching of fluorescence with visible light is favorable for application to biological systems. The fluorescence quantum yield of the photogenerated closed-ring isomer was as high as 0.8 in less or medium polar solvents, and even in polar acetonitrile the yield was higher than 0.6.

Photoirradiation wavelength dependence of cycloreversion quantum yields of diarylethenes.

The cycloreversion quantum yields of compounds 1b and 2b increased upon irradiation with light at shorter wavelengths. The irradiation wavelength dependence is ascribed to the energy barrier on the 2A potential energy surface in the excited electronic state.