Anatomical Comparison of Endoscopic and Microscopic Exposure of the Petroclinal Core Area Through the Extended Middle Skull Base Approach.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the range of endoscopic and microscopic exposure of the petroclival core area through the middle skull base and to observe the corresponding anatomical structures. METHODS: Ten intact adult cadaveric head specimens fixed with formaldehyde were craniotomized through an expanded middle skull base epidural approach on 20 sides. The distance from the greater superficial petrosal nerve to the petrous ridge was measured. When different degrees (1-3 degrees) of the Kawase triangle bone were removed, the exposed anatomical structure was observed, and the exposed core area of the rock slope was measured under an endoscope and microscope. RESULTS: The average distance from the greater superficial petrosal nerve to the petrous ridge was 14.26 mm. During 1 to 2 degrees of bone removal, the petrous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) was not exposed, whereas during 3 degrees of bone removal, the petrous segment of the ICA was exposed. At 1 degree of bone removal, 400.62 ± 15.73 mm2 of the area was exposed by endoscopy and 170.87 ± 8.93 mm2 by microscopy, and the abducens nerve was not exposed. However, there was a significant difference between the two areas (P < 0.001). During 2 degrees of bone removal, 689.30 ± 32.06 mm2 of the abducens nerve was exposed by endoscopy, but 366.84 ± 30.30 mm2 of the abducens nerve could not be exposed by microscopy; moreover, there was a significant difference in the area of exposure between the two (P < 0.001). At 3 degrees of bone removal, the endoscopic exposure area was 875.92 ± 31.87 mm2, the microscopic exposure area was 699.26 ± 48.00 mm2, and the abducens nerves were exposed. There were significant differences between the two areas (P < 0.001). However, the difference between the 2-degree endoscopic exposure area and the 3-degree microscopic exposure area was studied by using paired t tests, and there was no difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: When the same degree of the Kawase triangle bone was removed, the extent of endoscopic exposure of the petroclival core area was significantly greater than the extent of microscopic exposure. At 2 degrees of bone removal, an endoscopic application can maximally expose the petroclival core area, thus reducing the probability of exposure damage to the ICA and abductor nerve.

Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium sherriffii.

Three new diterpenoid alkaloids (1, 2, 3) and seventeen known (4-20) compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Delphinium sherriffii Munz (Ranunculaceae). Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic analyses, including IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. All compounds were evaluated for the inhibitory activity of Sf9 cells and compound 5 exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity (IC50 = 8.97 µM) against Sf9 cell line.

Functional Analysis of the GhIQD1 Gene in Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt.

Cotton is a critical crop with massive economic implications worldwide. Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne ailment caused by Verticillium dahliae, which harms the growth and development of cotton. Therefore, investigating the genes associated with resistance to verticillium wilt is of particular significance. In this study, we identified the GhIQD1 gene through transcriptome analysis and experimentally characterized the role of the GhIQD1 gene in cotton against V. dahliae. The findings indicated that GhIQD1 acts as a calmodulin-binding protein. The expression of GhIQD1 was the highest in stems, and the expression level increased significantly following infection with V. dahliae. The expression in resistant cotton varieties was higher than in susceptible cotton varieties. Through overexpression of the GhIQD1 gene in tobacco, these transgenic plants exhibited improved resistance to V. dahliae. In contrast, by silencing the GhIQD1 gene in cotton through VIGS, the resistance to V. dahliae was reduced. Following inoculation, the leaves yellowed, and the disease index was higher. Transcriptome analysis of transgenic tobacco 72 h after inoculation indicated that overexpression of GhIQD1 increased the enrichment of the calmodulin pathway and stimulated the production of plant hormones alongside secondary metabolites. Consequently, we investigated the relationship between the GhIQD1 gene and plant disease-resistant hormones SA, JA, and ABA. In summary, this study uncovered the mechanism by which GhIQD1 conferred resistance to V. dahliae in cotton through positive regulation of JA and ABA, providing crucial information for further research on the adaptation of plants to pathogen invasion.

Deforestation in Latin America in the 2000s predominantly occurred outside of typical mature forests.

The role of tropical forests in the global carbon budget remains controversial, as carbon emissions from deforestation are highly uncertain. This high uncertainty arises from the use of either fixed forest carbon stock density or maps generated from satellite-based optical reflectance with limited sensitivity to biomass to generate accurate estimates of emissions from deforestation. New space missions aiming to accurately map the carbon stock density rely on direct measurements of the spatial structures of forests using lidar and radar. We found that lost forests are special cases, and their spatial structures can be directly measured by combining archived data acquired before and after deforestation by space missions principally aimed at measuring topography. Thus, using biomass mapping, we obtained new estimates of carbon loss from deforestation ahead of forthcoming space missions. Here, using a high-resolution map of forest loss and the synergy of radar and lidar to estimate the aboveground biomass density of forests, we found that deforestation in the 2000s in Latin America, one of the severely deforested regions, mainly occurred in forests with a significantly lower carbon stock density than typical mature forests. Deforestation areas with carbon stock densities lower than 20.0, 50.0, and 100.0 Mg C/ha accounted for 42.1%, 62.0%, and 83.3% of the entire deforested area, respectively. The average carbon stock density of lost forests was only 49.13 Mg C/ha, which challenges the current knowledge on the carbon stock density of lost forests (with a default value 100 Mg C/ha according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 1 estimates, or approximately 112 Mg C/ha used in other studies). This is demonstrated over both the entire region and the footprints of the spaceborne lidar. Consequently, our estimate of carbon loss from deforestation in Latin America in the 2000s was 253.0 ± 21.5 Tg C/year, which was considerably less than existing remote-sensing-based estimates, namely 400-600 Tg C/year. This indicates that forests in Latin America were most likely not a net carbon source in the 2000s compared to established carbon sinks. In previous studies, considerable effort has been devoted to rectify the underestimation of carbon sinks; thus, the overestimation of carbon emissions should be given sufficient consideration in global carbon budgets. Our results also provide solid evidence for the necessity of renewing knowledge on the role of tropical forests in the global carbon budget in the future using observations from new space missions.

Genome-Wide and Expression Pattern Analysis of the HIT4 Gene Family Uncovers the Involvement of GHHIT4_4 in Response to Verticillium Wilt in Gossypium hirsutum.

Chromatin remodelers are essential for regulating plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. HIT4 (HEAT-INTOLERANT 4) is a novel stress-induced chromatin remodeling factor that has been less studied in abiotic stress and stress resistance, particularly in cotton. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the members of the HIT4 gene family in Gossypium hirsutum using bioinformatics methods, including phylogenetic relationships, gene organization, transcription profiles, phylogenetic connections, selection pressure, and stress response. A total of 18 HIT4 genes were identified in four cotton species, with six HIT4 gene members in upland cotton. Based on the evolutionary relationships shown in the phylogenetic tree, the 18 HIT4 protein sequences were classified into four distinct subgroups. Furthermore, we conducted chromosome mapping to determine the genomic locations of these genes and visually represented the structural characteristics of HIT4 in G. hirsutum. In addition, we predicted the regulatory elements in HIT4 in G. hirsutum and conducted an analysis of repetitive sequences and gene collinearity among HIT4 in four cotton species. Moreover, we calculated the Ka/Ks ratio for homologous genes to assess the selection pressure acting on HIT4. Using RNA-seq, we explored the expression patterns of HIT4 genes in G. hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we found that GHHIT4_4 belonged to the MEblue module, which was mainly enriched in pathways such as DNA replication, phagosome, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, steroid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism. This module may regulate the mechanism of upland cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt through DNA replication, phagosome, and various metabolic pathways. In addition, we performed heterologous overexpression of GH_D11G0591 (GHHIT4_4) in tobacco, and the results showed a significant reduction in disease index compared to the wild type, with higher expression levels of disease resistance genes in the transgenic tobacco. After conducting a VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) experiment in cotton, the results indicated that silencing GHHIT4_4 had a significant impact, the resistance to Verticillium wilt weakened, and the internode length of the plants significantly decreased by 30.7% while the number of true leaves increased by 41.5%. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that GHHIT4_4 mainly enhanced cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt by indirectly regulating the PAL, 4CL, and CHI genes. The subcellular localization results revealed that GHHIT4_4 was predominantly distributed in the mitochondria and nucleus. This study offers preliminary evidence for the involvement of the GHHIT4_4 in cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt and lays the foundation for further research on the disease resistance mechanism of this gene in cotton.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis Unveil the Involvement of the Cold Shock Protein (CSP) Gene Family in Cotton Hypothermia Stress.

Cold shock proteins (CSPs) are DNA/RNA binding proteins with crucial regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, we employed bioinformatics tools to identify and analyze the physicochemical properties, conserved domains, gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, cis-acting elements, subcellular localization, and expression patterns of the cotton CSP gene family. A total of 62 CSP proteins were identified across four cotton varieties (Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum) and five plant varieties (Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica chinensis, Camellia sinensis, Triticum aestivum, and Oryza sativa). Phylogenetic analysis categorized cotton CSP proteins into three evolutionary branches, revealing similar gene structures and motif distributions within each branch. Analysis of gene structural domains highlighted the conserved CSD and CCHC domains across all cotton CSP families. Subcellular localization predictions indicated predominant nuclear localization for CSPs. Examination of cis-elements in gene promoters revealed a variety of elements responsive to growth, development, light response, hormones, and abiotic stresses, suggesting the potential regulation of the cotton CSP family by different hormones and their involvement in diverse stress responses. RT-qPCR results suggested that GhCSP.A1, GhCSP.A2, GhCSP.A3, and GhCSP.A7 may play roles in cotton's response to low-temperature stress. In conclusion, our findings underscore the significant role of the CSP gene family in cotton's response to low-temperature stress, providing a foundational basis for further investigations into the functional aspects and molecular mechanisms of cotton's response to low temperatures.

Soybean RVE8a confers salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.

Soybean is an economically important crop, which often suffers various abiotic stresses. REVEILLE (RVE) genes have been generally considered as circadian oscillators to mediate diverse developmental processes and plant response to environmental stresses. Addressing their roles is of significance for utilizing them to enhance agronomic traits in crops. However, our understanding of soybean RVEs is extremely limited. In the study, we investigated the expression patterns of soybean CCA1-like genes under salt stress using our RNA-Seq data. Subsequently, a salt stress-inducible gene, GmRVE8a, was chosen for further study. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GmRVE8a is most closely related to Arabidopsis RVE4 and RVE8. Also, GmRVE8a showed circadian expression pattern with 24 h rhythmic period, suggesting that it might be a clock-regulated gene. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis lines over-expressing GmRVE8a were generated. It was observed that ectopic over-expression of GmRVE8a caused a significant delay in flowering. Further observation indicated that under salt and drought stress, transgenic seedlings were stronger than wild type. Consistently, three-week-old transgenic plants grew better than wild type under salt and drought conditions, and the MDA content in transgenic lines was significantly lower than wild type, suggesting that GmRVE8a might be a positive regulator in response to salt and drought stress. Intriguingly, Y2H assay indicated that GmRVE8a physically interacted with a drought-tolerant protein, GmNAC17. Overall, our findings provided preliminary information regarding the functional roles of GmRVE8a in response to salt and drought stress.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the adaptive mechanisms of halophyte Suaeda dendroides encountering high saline environment.

Suaeda dendroides, a succulent euhalophyte of the Chenopodiaceae family, intermittently spread around northern Xinjiang, China, has the ability to grow and develop in saline and alkali environments. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of S. dendroides response to high salt conditions. 27 sequencing libraries prepared from low salt (200 mM NaCl) and high salt (800 mM NaCl) treated plants at 5 different stages were sequenced using Illumina Hiseq 2000. A total of 133,107 unigenes were obtained, of which 4,758 were DEGs. The number of DEGs in the high salt group (3,189) was more than the low salt treatment group (733) compared with the control. GO and KEGG analysis of the DEGs at different time points of the high salt treatment group showed that the genes related to cell wall biosynthesis and modification, plant hormone signal transduction, ion homeostasis, organic osmolyte accumulation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification were significantly expressed, which indicated that these could be the main mechanisms of S. dendroides acclimate to high salt stress. The study provides a new perspective for understanding the molecular mechanisms of halophytes adapting to high salinity. It also provides a basis for future investigations of key salt-responsive genes in S. dendroides.

Replacing alfalfa hay with amaranth hay: effects on production performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant ability in dairy cow.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to explore the effects of dietary substitution of alfalfa hay by amaranth hay on production performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant ability in dairy cows. METHODS: A total of 45 healthy Holstein cows with same parity and similar milk yield and body weight were randomly divided into 3 groups: control diet without amaranth hay (CON) or 50% and 100% alfalfa hay replaced by an equal amount of amaranth hay (dry matter basis, AH1 and AH2, respectively). All the cows were fed regularly 3 times a day at 06:30, 14:30, and 22:30 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. RESULTS: The dry matter intake of CON and AH1 groups was higher (p<0.05) than that of AH2 group. Compared with AH1 group, the milk yield of AH2 group was reduced (p<0.05). Moreover, dietary substitution of alfalfa hay by amaranth hay increased (p<0.05) milk fat, ammonia nitrogen and acetate concentrations. However, the crude protein digestibility of AH2 group was lower (p<0.05) than that of CON group, while an opposite tendency of serum urea nitrogen was found between two groups. The neutral detergent fiber digestibility of AH1 group was increased (p<0.05) when compared to AH2 group. Amaranth hay treatment increased (p<0.05) the serum concentration of glutathione peroxidase in dairy cows. Compared with CON group, the malonaldehyde activity of AH1 group was decreased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Dietary replacing alfalfa hay with amaranth hay (50% ratio) in dairy cows did not affect production performance but improved their antioxidant ability.

A Simple and Rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Preparation and Content Detection of the Mainly Numbing Taste Substances of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.

As the characteristic numbing taste substances, hydroxyl-α-sanshool (HAS) and hydroxyl-ß-sanshool (HBS) were considered vital indicators to evaluate the quality of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. However, it is very difficult to obtain their high-purity monomers individually, as the only difference between HAS and HBS is that C-6 cis-trans isomerism. In our study, a simple and rapid Ag +-HPLC method was developed to pure the standard chemicals of Z. bungeanum with numbing taste, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR were employed to determine the purity and structure. Moreover, an HPLC method was established to determine the content of numbing taste components of 16 varieties of Z. bungeanum from different regions. The analytical methods were validated for accuracy, precision, and linearity, respectively. The validated method was accurate (spiked recoveries 0.94-1.10), precise in terms of peak area (intra-day RSDs <1.25% and inter-day RSDs <1.61%), and linear (r2 ≥ 0.999). It was found that there were significant differences in the content of HAS and HBS among different types of Z. bungeanum, with HAS content ranging from 60.06 ± 1.14 to 164.13 ± 3.28 mg/g and HBS ranging from 7.81 ± 0.36 to 21.11 ± 0.75 mg/g. The RSDs of HAS range were 1.73-3.80% and that of HBS range 2.03-4.73% (RSDs ≤5%), which indicated that the measurements of HAS and HBS were reliable.

Seasonal variations of macrozoobenthic community trophic structure in the waters adjacent to the seaweed beds of Dalian Island in the North Yellow Sea.

To investigate the effects of algal detritus export on the trophic structure of macrozoobenthic community in the adjacent benthic habitat during the bloom and decline of macroalgae, we collected macrozoobenthos from the adjacent sea area of Dalian Island in the North Yellow Sea in May (the algal bloom period) and August (the algal decay period) of 2020. We quantifyied the seasonal changes in the trophic structure of macrozoobenthic community by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope techniques. Results showed that δ13C and δ15N values of macrozoo-benthos in May ranged from -23.14‰ to -14.24‰, 6.21‰ to 12.90‰, respectively, and -22.36‰ to -14.13‰, 5.33‰ to 12.00‰, respectively in August. Results of PERMANOVA analysis showed that δ13C values of macrozoobenthos differed significantly between the two months, while δ15N values were not significantly different. Based on the Euclidean distance, the macrozoobenthic communities in both months could be classified into five trophic functional groups. The trophic levels of macrozoobenthos ranged from 2.00 (Nitidotellina minuta) to 3.97 (Glycera onomichiensis) in May and from 2.00 (N. minuta) to 3.96 (G. onomichiensis) in August. The δ13C range, δ15N range, mean centroid distance, total area and corrected standard ellipse areas which represented community trophic structure indices in August were higher than those in May. Our results indicated that the trophic diversity level and trophic niche width of the macrozoobenthic community in the adjacent sea area of the seaweed bed were higher in the algal decline season.

Thermal conductivity at finite temperature and electronic structure of the ultra-wide band gap fluorinated 2D GaN.

Passivation makes 2D hexagonal structure more stable than the planar variant. Surface fluorinated monolayer of GaN have been found to have ultra-wide band gap and have promising applications in optoelectronic conversion devices. In this work, using theoretical method, we have explored the thermal conductivity as well as the electronic structure of F-GaN. It has a low thermal conductivity of 7.67 W (mK)-1due to the low group velocity and short phonon lifetime. The calculated direct band gap value is 4.63 eV, which could be modulated by strain and biaxial strain is found to more effective. Attractively, direct band gap can be maintained under tensile strain. Breakdown of symmetry by uniaxial strain lifts the band degeneracy of the VBM, which will lead to polarized light emission. The in-depth analysis shows that Ga-F as well as N-F bonds are strongly ionic, which is responsible for its low thermal conductivity and ultra-wide band gap.

Opposite atom dependence of isotope engineering of thermal conductivity in bulk and 2D GaN.

Isotope engineering has been shown to be an effective means of regulating thermal conductivity. In this work, we studied the isotope engineering of thermal conductivity in bulk and 2D GaN, and diametrically opposite atom isotope dependence is found. That is, Ga isotope has a large effect (77%) on bulk GaN, while the effect of N isotope on the thermal conductivity is negligible. In 2D GaN, however, N isotope effect (20%) is more significant than that of Ga. Understanding of the different isotope dependence is achieved by deeper insight. Due to the relative magnitude of scattering rate, isotopic scattering influences the thermal conductivity of bulk and 2D GaN in different frequency regions, leading to the opposite atom dependence.

Antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in individuals aged from 50 to 102 years.

Objectives: To assess antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in individuals aged 50 and older. Methods: We conducted a post-market cross-sectional seroepidemiology study. We recruited 4,632 vaccinated individuals aged 50 and older, measured their total serum SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody (TA), and collected correlates. The primary outcome was the geometric mean titer (GMT) of TA, and the secondary outcome was the decline of TA with age. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were used to examine the associations of the TA GMT with age, and trend analyses were used to test whether their associations were significant. Results: All participants had a detectable TA, which was generally at a low level across all age groups. The TA GMT (95% CI) in AU/mL was 3.05 (2.93, 3.18); the corresponding arithmetic mean (95% CI) was 17.77 (16.13, 19.42) in all participants and 4.33 (3.88, 4.84), 3.86 (3.49, 4.28), 3.24 (2.92, 3.59), 2.77 (2.60, 2.96), and 2.65 (2.48, 2.83) in the age groups of 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-74, and 75 years or older, respectively. The TA GMT decreased with age with a P trend < 0.001. The TA GMT was significantly lower in those with hypertension or diabetes compared to those with neither. Conclusion: The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is effective in individuals aged 50 and older. This is the first study that has found an inverse dose-response relationship between ages and the low-level TAs. Older people, especially those with chronic diseases, should get the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and their vaccination frequency, dose, and method may need to be different from those of younger people.

Genome-wide identification and analyses of cotton high-affinity nitrate transporter 2 family genes and their responses to stress.

Nitrate transporters (NRTs) are crucial for the uptake, use, and storage of nitrogen by plants. In this study, 42 members of the GhNRT2 (Nitrate Transporter 2 family) were found in the four different cotton species. The conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships, physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, conserved motifs, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and promoter region expression patterns of these 42 members were analyzed. The findings confirmed that members of the NRT2 family behaved typically, and subcellular localization tests confirmed that they were hydrophobic proteins that were mostly located on the cytoplasmic membrane. The NRT2 family of genes with A.thaliana and rice underwent phylogenetic analysis, and the results revealed that GhNRT2 could be divided into three groups. The same taxa also shared similar gene structure and motif distribution. The composition of cis-acting elements suggests that most of the expression of GhNRT2 may be related to plant hormones, abiotic stress, and photoreactions. The GhNRT2 gene was highly expressed, mainly in roots. Drought, salt, and extreme temperature stress showed that GhNRT2 gene expression was significantly up-regulated or down-regulated, indicating that it may be involved in the stress response of cotton. In general, the genes of the NRT2 family of cotton were comprehensively analyzed, and their potential nitrogen uptake and utilization functions in cotton were preliminarily predicted. Additionally, we provide an experimental basis for the adverse stress conditions in which they may function.

Overexpression of the Caragana korshinskii com58276 Gene Enhances Tolerance to Drought in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

The increasing water scarcity associated with environmental change brings significant negative impacts to the growth of cotton plants, whereby it is urgent to enhance plant tolerance to drought. Here, we overexpressed the com58276 gene isolated from the desert plant Caragana korshinskii in cotton plants. We obtained three OE plants and demonstrated that com58276 confers drought tolerance in cotton after subjecting transgenic seeds and plants to drought. RNA-seq revealed the mechanisms of the possible anti-stress response, and that the overexpression of com58276 does not affect growth and fiber content in OE cotton plants. The function of com58276 is conserved across species, improving the tolerance of cotton to salt and low temperature, and demonstrating its applicability to improve plant resistance to environmental change.

Clinical and economic benefits of image-guided system in functional endoscopicsinus surgery: a retrospective chart review study in China.

BACKGROUND: Image-guided system (IGS) has been gradually applied in the field of rhinology, making functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) a truly minimally invasive and precise surgery. This study was based on real-world data from China hospitals and aimed to evaluate the clinical and economic benefits of the IGS navigation system in FESS. METHODS: This was a two-center retrospective chart review of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent FESS, including open frontal sinus between July 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019 in China. The intervention group consisted of 100 patients who underwent FESS with the IGS navigation system (IGS group), and the control group consisted of 100 patients who underwent conventional FESS (Non-IGS group). Data were collected from surgical notes and hospital medical records. The primary endpoints for clinical effectiveness and safety were avoid rehospitalization due to bleeding, avoid reoperation due to bleeding, and avoid reoperation due to recurrence. RESULTS: There were no cases of rehospitalization due to bleeding, reoperation due to bleeding, and reoperation due to recurrence in the IGS group, with an avoidance rate of 100%. In the non-IGS group, there were four cases of rehospitalization and reoperation due to bleeding, with an avoidance rate 96.00% (P = 0.121). No cases of reoperation due to recurrence were in the non-IGS group. The total hospitalization cost was 17,391.51 CNY in the IGS group and 17,742.41 CNY in the non-IGS group per patient, with no statistical difference between the two groups (P = 0.715). Compared with the non-IGS group, the IGS group had an overall cost saving of 350.90 CNY per patient. Although the procedure-related medical costs of IGS group were increased by 1,286.12 CNY compared with the non-IGS group, this was more than offset by other costs. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicated that the IGS may avoid occurrence of rehospitalization and reoperation due to postoperative bleeding. Although the use of navigation technology increased the cost of surgery, its clinical effectiveness brought other medical cost savings, resulting in no significant difference in the overall cost of navigation surgery compared to conventional surgery. The IGS should be considered cost-effectiveness in the treatment of FESS.

Nickel-Catalyzed Three-Component Tandem Radical Cyclization 1,5-Difunctionalization of 1,3-Enynes and Alkyl Bromide.

A nickel-catalyzed three-component tandem radical cyclization reaction of aryl bromides with 1,3-enynes and aryl boric acids to construct γ-lactam-substituted allene derivatives has been described. This protocol provides lactam alkyl radicals through the free radical cyclization process, which can be effectively used to participate in the subsequent multicomponent coupling reaction so that 1,3-enynes could directly convert into corresponding poly-substituted allene compounds. In addition, this efficient method enjoys a broad substrate scope and provides a series of 1,5-difunctionalized allenes in a one-pot reaction.

Compositions analysis and insecticidal activity of Aconitum polycarpum Chang ex W.T.Wang petroleum ether fractions and essential oils.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The Aconitum genus plants as a natural pesticide for insecticide and rodent control has been recorded in Chinese folk. However, the insecticide effect, mechanism, and active composition of Aconitum polycarpum Chang ex W.T.Wang have not been studied further. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition, evaluate contact toxicity of petroleum ether extracts (PEEs) and essential oils (EOs) of A. polycarpum, and further explore their possible insecticidal mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The roots of A. polycarpum were extracted with 90% methanol, and then extracted with petroleum ether to obtain PEEs; the EOs was extracted by distillation. The chemical compositions of PEEs and EOs were analyzed by GC-MS. Contact toxicity was evaluated by the immersion method. Exploring insecticidal mechanisms through in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity. RESULTS: 12 compounds were identified from PEEs by GC-MS, mainly including aliphatic (94.8%), the main compositions were Octadecadienol (ODO) (aliphatic, 53.2%) and L-Ascorbyl dipalmitate (LADP) (aliphatic, 36.1%). 24 compounds were identified in EOs. About 44.6% of the identified components were terpenoids and their derivatives, and the rest were mainly aliphatic (34.7%) and phenols (3.0%). The main chemical components were L (-)-Borneol (LB) (terpenoid, 28.3%), LADP (aliphatic, 19.1%), and Isoborneol (terpenoid, 9.1%). The contact toxicity indicated that the PEEs showed great contact toxicity against Spodoptera exigua (LC50 = 126.2 mg/L). Meanwhile, LADP (LC50 = 128.1 mg/L) and ODO (LC50 = 121.3 mg/L) was similar to that of Cyhalothrin (LC50 = 124.2 mg/L) in contact toxicity. In addition, we found that LADP and ODO exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against CarE (IC50 = 58.0, 56.1 mg/L, respectively) by measuring in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity, which was superior than Cyhalothrin (IC50 = 68.1 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: The chemical compositions and contact toxicity of EOs and PEEs of A. polycarpum were analyzed and evaluated, and their insecticidal mechanisms were preliminarily discussed for the first time. It proved PEEs of A. polycarpum and its main components (LADP and ODO) exhibited excellent contact toxicity against S. exigua, and CarE was identified as a potential target for contact toxicity. This study indicated that the insecticidal activity of petroleum ether extracts from A. polycarpum is quite promising, and provides a practical and scientific basis for the development and application of botanical pesticides.

Metagenomic analysis of the soil microbial composition and salt tolerance mechanism in Yuncheng Salt Lake, Shanxi Province.

The soil in Yuncheng Salt Lake has serious salinization and the biogeographic environment affects the composition and distribution of special halophilic and salt-tolerant microbial communities in this area. Therefore, this study collected soils at distances of 15, 30, and 45 m from the Salt Lake and used non-saline soil (60 m) as a control to explore the microbial composition and salt tolerance mechanisms using metagenomics technology. The results showed that the dominant species and abundance of salt-tolerant microorganisms changed gradually with distance from Salt Lake. The salt-tolerant microorganisms can increase the expression of the Na+/H+ antiporter by upregulating the Na+/H+ antiporter subunit mnhA-G to respond to salt stress, simultaneously upregulating the genes in the betaine/proline transport system to promote the conversion of choline into betaine, while also upregulating the trehalose/maltose transport system encode genes to promote the synthesis of trehalose to resist a high salt environment.