Determination and Characterization of Novel Papillomavirus and Parvovirus Associated with Mass Mortality of Chinese Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) in China.

A massive mortality event concerning farmed Chinese tongue soles occurred in Tianjin, China, and the causative agent remains unknown. Here, a novel Cynoglossus semilaevis papillomavirus (CsPaV) and parvovirus (CsPV) were simultaneously isolated and identified from diseased fish via electron microscopy, virus isolation, genome sequencing, experimental challenges, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Electron microscopy showed large numbers of virus particles present in the tissues of diseased fish. Viruses that were isolated and propagated in flounder gill cells (FG) induced typical cytopathic effects (CPE). The cumulative mortality of fish given intraperitoneal injections reached 100% at 7 dpi. The complete genomes of CsPaV and CsPV comprised 5939 bp and 3663 bp, respectively, and the genomes shared no nucleotide sequence similarities with other viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the L1 and NS1 protein sequences revealed that CsPaV and CsPV were novel members of the Papillomaviridae and Parvoviridae families. The FISH results showed positive signals in the spleen tissues of infected fish, and both viruses could co-infect single cells. This study represents the first report where novel papillomavirus and parvovirus are identified in farmed marine cultured fish, and it provides a basis for further studies on the prevention and treatment of emerging viral diseases.

Recent advances in nanomaterial-stabilized pickering foam: Mechanism, classification, properties, and applications.

Pickering foam is a type of foam stabilized by solid particles known as Pickering stabilizers. These solid stabilizers adsorb at the liquid-gas interface, providing superior stability to the foam. Because of its high stability, controllability, versatility, and minimal environmental impact, nanomaterial-stabilized Pickering foam has opened up new possibilities and development prospects for foam applications. This review provides an overview of the current state of development of Pickering foam stabilized by a wide range of nanomaterials, including cellulose nanomaterials, chitin nanomaterials, silica nanoparticles, protein nanoparticles, clay mineral, carbon nanotubes, calcium carbonate nanoparticles, MXene, and graphene oxide nanosheets. Particularly, the preparation and surface modification methods of various nanoparticles, the fundamental properties of nanomaterial-stabilized Pickering foam, and the synergistic effects between nanoparticles and surfactants, functional polymers, and other additives are systematically introduced. In addition, the latest progress in the application of nanomaterial-stabilized Pickering foam in the oil industry, food industry, porous functional material, and foam flotation field is highlighted. Finally, the future prospects of nanomaterial-stabilized Pickering foam in different fields, along with directions for further research and development directions, are outlined.

Study on the Inhibition Mechanism of Hydration Expansion of Yunnan Gas Shale using Modified Asphalt.

Drilling fluids play an essential role in shale gas development. It is not possible to scale up the use of water-based drilling fluid in shale gas drilling in Yunnan, China, because conventional inhibitors cannot effectively inhibit the hydration of the illite-rich shale formed. In this study, the inhibition performance of modified asphalt was evaluated using the plugging test, expansion test, shale recovery experiment, and rock compressive strength test. The experimental results show that in a 3% modified asphalt solution, the expansion of shale is reduced by 56.3%, the recovery is as high as 97.8%, water absorption is reduced by 24.3%, and the compression resistance is doubled compared with those in water. Moreover, the modified asphalt can effectively reduce the fluid loss of the drilling fluid. Modified asphalt can form a hydrophobic membrane through a large amount of adsorption on the shale surface, consequently inhibiting shale hydration. Simultaneously, modified asphalt can reduce the entrance of water into the shale through blocking pores, micro-cracks, and cracks and further inhibit the hydration expansion of shale. This demonstrates that modified asphalt will be an ideal choice for drilling shale gas formations in Yunnan through water-based drilling fluids.

Acylated Inulin as a Potential Shale Hydration Inhibitor in Water Based Drilling Fluids for Wellbore Stabilization.

Shale hydration dispersion and swelling are primary causes of wellbore instability in oil and gas reservoir exploration. In this study, inulin, a fructo-oligosaccharide extracted from Jerusalem artichoke roots, was modified by acylation with three acyl chlorides, and the products (C10-, C12-, and C14-inulin) were investigated for their use as novel shale hydration inhibitors. The inhibition properties were evaluated through the shale cuttings hot-rolling dispersion test, the sodium-based bentonite hydration test, and capillary suction. The three acylated inulins exhibited superb hydration-inhibiting performance at low concentrations, compared to the commonly used inhibitors of KCl and poly (ester amine). An inhibition mechanism was proposed based on surface tension measurements, contact angle measurements, Fourier-transform infrared analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The acylated inulin reduced the water surface tension significantly, thus, retarding the invasion of water into the shale formation. Then, the acylated inulin was adsorbed onto the shale surface by hydrogen bonding to form a compact, sealed, hydrophobic membrane. Furthermore, the acylated inulins are non-toxic and biodegradable, which meet the increasingly stringent environmental regulations in this field. This method might provide a new avenue for developing high-performance and ecofriendly shale hydration inhibitors.

Reconstruction of Metabolic-Protein Interaction Integrated Network of Eriocheir sinensis and Analysis of Ecdysone Synthesis.

Integrated networks have become a new interest in genome-scale network research due to their ability to comprehensively reflect and analyze the molecular processes in cells. Currently, none of the integrated networks have been reported for higher organisms. Eriocheir sinensis is a typical aquatic animal that grows through ecdysis. Ecdysone has been identified to be a crucial regulator of ecdysis, but the influence factors and regulatory mechanisms of ecdysone synthesis in E. sinensis are still unclear. In this work, the genome-scale metabolic network and protein-protein interaction network of E. sinensis were integrated to reconstruct a metabolic-protein interaction integrated network (MPIN). The MPIN was used to analyze the influence factors of ecdysone synthesis through flux variation analysis. In total, 236 integrated reactions (IRs) were found to influence the ecdysone synthesis of which 16 IRs had a significant impact. These IRs constitute three ecdysone synthesis routes. It is found that there might be alternative pathways to obtain cholesterol for ecdysone synthesis in E. sinensis instead of absorbing it directly from the feeds. The MPIN reconstructed in this work is the first integrated network for higher organisms. The analysis based on the MPIN supplies important information for the mechanism analysis of ecdysone synthesis in E. sinensis.

Investigating zero-state and steady-state performance of MEWMA-CoDa control chart using variable sampling interval.

Traditional process monitoring control charts (CCs) focused on sampling methods using fixed sampling intervals (FSIs). The variable sampling intervals (VSIs) scheme is receiving increasing attention, in which the sampling interval (SI) length varies according to the process monitoring statistics. A shorter SI is considered when the process quality indicates the possibility of an out-of-control (OOC) situation; otherwise, a longer SI is preferred. The VSI multivariate exponentially moving average for compositional data (VSI-MEWMACoDa) CC based on a coordinate representation using isometric log-ratio (ilr) transformation is proposed in this study. A methodology is proposed to obtain the optimal parameters by considering the zero-state (ZS) average time to signal (ZATS) and the steady-state (SS) average time to signal (SATS). The statistical performance of the proposed CC is evaluated based on a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) method for both cases, the ZS and the SS using a fixed value of in-control (IC) ATS0. Simulation results demonstrate that the VSI-MEWMACoDa CC has significantly decreased the OOC average time to signal (ATS) than the FSIMEWMACoDa CC. Moreover, it is found that the number of variables (d) has a negative impact on the ATS of the VSI-MEWMACoDa CC, and the subgroup size (n) has a mildly positive impact on the ATS of the VSI-MEWMACoDa CC. At the same time, the SATS of the VSI-MEWMACoDa CC is less than the ZATS of the VSI-MEWMACoDa CC for all the values of n and d. The proposed VSI-MEWMACoDa CC under steady-State performs effectively compared to its competitors, such as the FSI-MEWMACoDa CC, the VSI-T2CoDa CC and the FSI-T2CoDa CC. An example of an industrial problem from a plant in Europe is also given to study the statistical significance of the VSI-MEWMACoDa CC.

A Self-Healing Gel with an Organic-Inorganic Network Structure for Mitigating Circulation Loss.

Lost circulation control remains a challenge in drilling operations. Self-healing gels, capable of self-healing in fractures and forming entire gel block, exhibit excellent resilience and erosion resistance, thus finding extensive studies in lost circulation control. In this study, layered double hydroxide, Acrylic acid, 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and CaCl2 were employed to synthesize organic-inorganic nanocomposite gel with self-healing properties. The chemical properties of nanocomposite gels were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. layered double hydroxide could be dispersed and exfoliated in the mixed solution of Acrylic acid and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and the swelling behavior, self-healing time, rheological properties, and mechanical performance of the nanocomposite gels were influenced by the addition of layered double hydroxide and Ca2+. Optimized nanocomposite gel AC6L3, at 90 °C, exhibits only a self-healing time of 3.5 h in bentonite mud, with a storage modulus of 4176 Pa, tensile strength of 6.02 kPa, and adhesive strength of 1.94 kPa. In comparison to conventional gel, the nanocomposite gel with self-healing capabilities demonstrated superior pressure-bearing capacity. Based on these characteristics, the nanocomposite gel proposed in this work hold promise as a candidate lost circulation material.

Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Ionic Liquid Copolymer Shale Inhibitor for Drilling Fluid Gel System.

An inhibitor that can effectively inhibit shale hydration is necessary for the safe and efficient development of shale gas. In this study, a novel ionic liquid copolymer shale inhibitor (PIL) was prepared by polymerizing the ionic liquid monomers 1-vinyl-3-aminopropylimidazolium bromide, acrylamide, and methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. The chemical structure was characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and hydrogen-nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), and the inhibition performance was evaluated using the inhibition of slurrying test, bentonite flocculation test, linear expansion test, and rolling recovery test. The experimental results showed that bentonite had a linear expansion of 27.9% in 1 wt% PIL solution, 18% lower than that in the polyether amine inhibitor. The recovery rate of shale in 1 wt% PIL was 87.4%. The ionic liquid copolymer could work synergistically with the filtrate reducer, reducing filtration loss to 7.2 mL with the addition of 1%. Mechanism analysis showed that PIL adsorbed negatively charged clay particles through cationic groups, which reduced the electrostatic repulsion between particles. Thus, the stability of the bentonite gel systems was destroyed, and the hydration dispersion and expansion of bentonite were inhibited. PIL formed a hydrophobic film on the surface of clay and prevented water from entering into the interlayer of clay. In addition, PIL lowered the surface tension of water, which prevented the water from intruding into the rock under the action of capillary force. These are also the reasons for the superior suppression performance of PIL.

Extracellular ATP- and adenosine-mediated purinergic signaling modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, enzyme activity and nitric oxide production in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) head kidney macrophages.

Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) is a key immune mediator for production of inflammatory mediator NO from l-arginine. Tight regulation of iNOS expression and enzyme activity is critical for proper NO productions under inflammation and infection conditions. However, the regulatory mechanism for iNOS expression and enzyme activity in fish remains largely unknown. Here, we show that extracellular ATP treatment significantly up-regulates iNOS gene expression and enzyme activity, and consequently leads to enhanced NO production in Cyprinus carpio head kidney macrophages (HKMs). We further show that the extracellular ATP-induced iNOS enzyme activity and NO production can be attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of the ATP-gated P2X4 and P2X7 receptors with their respective specific antagonists, but enhanced by overexpression of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in grass carp ovary cells. In contrast, adenosine administration significantly reduces iNOS gene expression, enzyme activity and NO production in carp HKMs, and these inhibitory effects can be reversed by pharmacological inhibition of adenosine receptors with the antagonist XAC. Furthermore, LPS- and poly(I:C)-induced iNOS gene expression, enzyme activity, and NO production are significantly attenuated by blockade of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors with their respective specific antagonists in carp HKMs, while overexpression of P2X and P2X7 receptors results in enhanced iNOS gene expression, enzyme activity and NO production in LPS- and poly(I:C)-treated grass carp ovary cells. Taken together, we firstly report an opposite role of extracellular ATP/adenosine-mediated purinergic signaling in modulating iNOS-NO system activity in fish.

Adaptation of Glucose Metabolism to Limb Autotomy and Regeneration in the Chinese Mitten Crab.

Limb autotomy and regeneration represent distinctive responses of crustaceans to environmental stress. Glucose metabolism plays a pivotal role in energy generation for tissue development and regeneration across various species. However, the relationship between glucose metabolism and tissue regeneration in crustaceans remains elusive. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing the alterations of glucose metabolic profile during limb autotomy and regeneration in Eriocheir sinensis, while also evaluating the effects of carbohydrate supplementation on limb regeneration. The results demonstrated that limb autotomy triggered a metabolic profile adaption at the early stage of regeneration. Hemolymph glucose levels were elevated, and multiple glucose catabolic pathways were enhanced in the hepatopancreas. Additionally, glucose and ATP levels in the regenerative limb were upregulated, along with increased expression of glucose transporters. Furthermore, the gene expression and activity of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis were repressed in the hepatopancreas. These findings indicate that limb regeneration triggers metabolic profile adaptations to meet the elevated energy requirements. Moreover, the study observed that supplementation with corn starch enhanced limb regeneration capacity by promoting wound healing and blastema growth. Interestingly, dietary carbohydrate addition influenced limb regeneration by stimulating gluconeogenesis rather than glycolysis in the regenerative limb. Thus, these results underscore the adaptation of glucose metabolism during limb autotomy and regeneration, highlighting its essential role in the limb regeneration process of E. sinensis.

Functional Gels and Chemicals Used in Oil and Gas Drilling Engineering: A Status and Prospective.

Research into functional gels and chemicals and their applications represents a cutting-edge international field of study. For example, investigating how they can be applied in oil and gas drilling (and extraction engineering) and developing novel functional chemical materials for the oil field could provide innovative solutions and technological methods for oil and gas drilling and extraction operations. Through a literature analysis, this paper presents a review of the current research status and application scenarios of different types of functional gels and chemicals, both domestically and internationally. The classification and preparation principles of various functional materials are systematically outlined and the current applications of functional gels and chemicals in oil and gas drilling and extraction engineering are introduced. These applications include drilling and plugging, enhanced oil recovery, water plugging, and profile control. The formation mechanisms and application scenarios of different types of gels and chemicals are also analyzed and summarized, with a discussion of their prospects in oil and gas drilling and extraction engineering. We broaden the scope of functional gels and chemicals by exploring new application fields and promoting the development of different types of gels and chemicals in a more intelligent direction.

Development of a Low-Molecular-Weight Filtrate Reducer with High-Temperature Resistance for Drilling Fluid Gel System.

Currently, conventional polymeric filtrate reducers with high-temperature resistance for use in drilling fluids have high molecular weights, which greatly affects the rheological properties. Therefore, to address the challenges in regulating the rheology and filtration performance of high-density drilling fluids at high temperatures, it is essential to develop low-molecular-weight filtrate reducers with high-temperature resistance. In this study, a low-molecular-weight filtrate reducer with high-temperature resistance (LMF) was prepared via free radical polymerization from acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid as monomers, tertiary dodecyl mercaptan as a chain transfer agent, and ammonium persulfate as the initiator. LMF was then characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. The obtained filtrate reducer exhibits a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 3819 and an initial thermal decomposition temperature of 300.7 °C, indicating good thermal stability. The effects of LMF dosage, temperature, and NaCl dosage on the rheology and filtration performance of mud samples were also investigated, and the mechanism of action was revealed by zeta potential, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, and adsorption measurements. The results reveal that LMF increases the mud sample viscosity and reduces its filtration. For example, the filtration of the mud sample with 2 wt% LMF was 7.2 mL, a reduction of 70% compared to that of a blank mud sample. Further, after aging at 210 °C for 16 h, the filtration of the same sample was 11.6 mL, and that of a mud sample with 2 wt% LMF and 35 wt% NaCl after aging at 180 °C for 16 h was 22 mL. Overall, we have reported a scheme to prepare a low-molecular-weight filtrate reducer with high-temperature resistance and superior filtrate-reducing effects, laying the foundation for the investigation and development of low-molecular-weight filtrate reducers.

Correlative analysis of transcriptome and proteome in Penaeus vannamei reveals key signaling pathways are involved in IFN-like antiviral regulation mediated by interferon regulatory factor (PvIRF).

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are crucial transcription factors that regulate interferon (IFN) induction in response to pathogen invasion. The regulatory mechanism of IRF has been well studied in vertebrates, but little has been known in arthropods. Therefore, in order to obtain new insights into the potential molecular mechanism of Peneaus vannamei IRF (PvIRF) in response to viral infection, comprehensive comparative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome profiles in shrimp infected with WSSV after knocking down PvIRF was conducted by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The sequence characterization, molecular functional evolution and 3D spatial structure of PvIRF were analyzed by using bioinformatics methods. PvIRF share the higher homology with different species in N-terminal end (containing DNA binding domain (DBD) including DNA sequence recognition sites and metal binding site) than that in C-terminal end. Within 4 IRF subfamilies of vertebrates, PvIRF had closer relationship with IRF1 subfamily. The DBD of PvIRF and C. gigas IRF1a were composed of α-helices and ß-folds which was similar with the DBD structure of M. musculus IRF2. Interestingly, different from the five Tryptophan repeats highly homologous in the DBD of vertebrate IRF, the first and fifth tryptophans of PvIRF mutate to Phenylalanine and Leucine respectively, while the mutations were conserved among shrimp IRFs. RNAi knockdown of PvIRF gene by double-strand RNA could obviously promote the in vivo propagation of WSSV in shrimp and increase the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. It suggested that PvIRF was involved in inhibiting the replication of WSSV in shrimp. A total of 8787 transcripts and 2846 proteins were identified with significantly differential abundances in WSSV-infected shrimp after PvIRF knockdown, among which several immune-related members were identified and categorized into 10 groups according to their possible functions. Furthermore, the variation of expression profile from members of key signaling pathways involving JAK/STAT and Toll signaling pathway implied that they might participate IRF-mediated IFN-like regulation in shrimp. Correlative analyses indicated that 722 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) shared the same expression profiles with their corresponding transcripts, including recognition-related proteins (CTLs and ITGs), chitin-binding proteins (peritrophin), and effectors (ALFs and SWD), while 401 DEPs with the opposite expression profiles across the two levels emphasized the critical role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modification. The results provide candidate signaling pathway including pivotal genes and proteins involved in the regulatory mechanism of interferon mediated by IRF on shrimp antiviral response. This is the first report in crustacean to explore the IFN-like antiviral regulation pathway mediated by IRF on the basis of transcriptome and proteomics correlative analysis, and will provide new ideas for further research on innate immune and defense mechanisms of crustacean.

Transcriptome and gut microbiota analyses reveal a possible mechanism underlying rifampin-mediated interruption of the larval development of chironomid Propsilocerus akamusi (Diptera: Chironomidae).

Chironomids, the most abundant insect group found in freshwater habitats, are known to be pollution tolerate and serve as important bioindicators of contaminant stress. Gut microbiota has recently been shown to potentially provide a number of beneficial services to insect hosts. However, the antibiotic-mediated interruption of chironomid gut microbial community and its subsequent influence on host body are still unclear. In the present study, the effects of rifampin on chironomid larvae were investigated at both transcriptome and microbiome level to assess the relationship between gut bacteria and associated genes. Our data indicated that the rifampin-induced imbalance of gut ecosystem could inhibit the development of chironomid larvae via decreasing the body weight, body length and larval eclosion rate during 96-h treatment. Both the community structure and taxonomic composition were significantly altered due to the invasion of rifampin in digestive tracts. The relative abundance of phylum Deferribacterota and Bacteroidota were dramatically increased with rifampin exposure. A set of genes involved in amino acid synthesis as well as xenobiotic metabolism pathways were greatly changed and proved to have tight correlation with certain genus. Bacterial genus Tyzzerella was positively correlated with detoxifying PaCYP6GF1 and PaCYP9HL1 genes. This study provides a reference for understanding the environmental risks of antibiotic and aims to accelerate new biological insights into the effects of antibiotic on the fitness of chironomids and into the microbe mediated-regulatory mechanism of aquatic insects.

A Novel Amphoteric Ion-Modified, Styrene-Based Nano-Microsphere and Its Application in Drilling Fluid.

With the gradual depletion of shallow oil and gas, deep oil and gas has become the focus of development. However, deep formations generally face the challenge of high-temperature and high-salinity, and drilling fluid agents are prone to failure, leading to drilling fluid intrusion into the formation that can cause serious drilling accidents such as well bore collapse. For this, a styrene-based nano-microsphere (SSD) modified with amphoteric ions was developed, with a particle size of 228 nm which could resist temperatures up to 200 °C and sodium chloride (NaCl) up to saturation. SSD has significant salt-responsive properties and its aqueous dispersion becomes transparent with increasing salinity. The SSD provided superior plugging performance in solutions containing NaCl, with a core plugging efficiency of 95.2%, and it was significantly better than the anion-modified microspheres. In addition, in drilling fluids under high temperature and high-salinity conditions, the SSD promotes particle gradation of drilling fluids and improves the zeta potential through its own plugging and synergistic effect with clay, which significantly improves the comprehensive performance of drilling fluids, such as stability, rheological performance, and filtration reduction performance. The development of SSD provides a new idea for research of high-temperature and high-salinity-resistant drilling fluid agents.

Effect of Low Gravity Solids on Weak Gel Structure and the Performance of Oil-Based Drilling Fluids.

Drilling cuttings from the rock formation generated during the drilling process are generally smashed to fine particles through hydraulic cutting and grinding using a drilling tool, and then are mixed with the drilling fluid during circulation. However, some of these particles are too small and light to be effectively removed from the drilling fluid via solids-control equipment. These small and light solids are referred to as low gravity solids (LGSs). This work aimed to investigate the effect of LGSs on the performance of oil-based drilling fluid (OBDF), such as the rheological properties, high-temperature and high-pressure filtration loss, emulsion stability, and filter cake quality. The results show that when the content of LGSs reached or even exceeded the solid capacity limit of the OBDF, the rheological parameters including the plastic viscosity, gel strength, and thixotropy of OBDF increased significantly. Furthermore, the filtration of OBDF increases, the filter cake becomes thicker, the friction resistance becomes larger, and the stability of emulsion of OBDF also decreases significantly when the concentration of LGSs reached the solid capacity limit of OBDF (6-9 wt% commonly). It was also found that LGSs with a smaller particle size had a more pronounced negative impact on the drilling fluid performance. This work provides guidance for understanding the impact mechanism of LGSs on drilling fluid performance and regulating the performance of OBDF.

Novel Modified Styrene-Based Microspheres for Enhancing the Performance of Drilling Fluids at High Temperatures.

Ensuring wellbore stability is of utmost importance for safety when drilling in deep formations. However, high temperatures severely disrupt the drilling fluid gel system, leading to severe stability issues within ultra-deep formations containing micropores. This study focused on the development of a polymer-based plugging material capable of withstanding high temperatures up to 200 °C. A kind of microsphere, referred to as SST (styrene-sodium styrene sulfonate copolymer), was synthesized with a particle size of 322 nm. Compared to polystyrene, the thermal stability of SST is greatly improved, with a thermal decomposition temperature of 362 °C. Even after subjecting SST to hot rolling at 200 °C for 16 h, the particle size, elemental composition, and zeta potential remained stable within an aqueous dispersion system. The results of core displacement and NMR tests demonstrate that SST considerably reduces the pore diameter with a remarkable plugging efficiency of 78.9%. Additionally, when drilling fluids reach 200 °C, SST still enhances drilling fluid suspension and dispersion, and reduces fluid loss by over 36% by facilitating the dispersion of clay particles, improving the gel structure of the drilling fluid, resisting clay dehydration, and promoting plugging. The development of SST provides valuable insights into the preparation of high-temperature-resistant microspheres and the formulation of effective plugging agents for deep-well drilling fluids.

Hedgehog signaling is essential in the regulation of limb regeneration in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis.

Tissue autotomy is a unique adaptive response to environmental stress, followed by regeneration process compensating for the loss of body parts. The crustaceans present remarkable activity of appendage autotomy and regeneration, however, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the Eriocheir sinensis Hedgehog (EsHH) and Smoothened (EsSMO) were identified in the regenerative limbs, and the function of Hedgehog signaling pathway on limb regeneration was evaluated. At the blastema growth stage of limb regeneration, the expression of EsHH and EsSMO was up-regulated in response to limb autotomy stress, and down-regulated at blastema differentiation stage. To clarify the effect of Hedgehog pathway during limb regeneration, the regenerative efficiency was evaluated with Smoothened inhibitor cyclopamine or RNAi (ds-HH) injection. We observed that the regenerative efficiency was significantly repressed with blockage of Hedgehog pathway at both the basal growth stage and the proecdysial growth stage, which was indicated by the delay of wound healing and blastema growth, as well as a decrease in the size of newly formed limbs. In addition, gene expression and BrdU incorporation assay showed that the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of blastema cells were suppressed with either cyclopamine or ds-HH injection. Thus, these results suggest that Hedgehog signaling pathway is essential for the establishment of limb regeneration in E. sinensis through promoting the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of blastema cells.

Acetylcholine (ACh) enhances Cd tolerance through transporting ACh in vesicles and modifying Cd absorption in duckweed (Lemna turionifera 5511).

Acetylcholine (ACh), an important neurotransmitter, plays a role in resistance to abiotic stress. However, the role of ACh during cadmium (Cd) resistance in duckweed (Lemna turionifera 5511) remains uncharacterized. In this study, the changes of endogenous ACh in duckweed under Cd stress has been investigated. Also, how exogenous ACh affects duckweed's ability to withstand Cd stress was studied. The ACh sensor transgenic duckweed (ACh 3.0) showed the ACh signal response under Cd stress. And ACh was wrapped and released in vesicles. Cd stress promoted ACh content in duckweed. The gene expression analysis showed an improved fatty acid metabolism and choline transport. Moreover, exogenous ACh addition enhanced Cd tolerance and decreased Cd accumulation in duckweed. ACh supplement reduced the root abscission rate, alleviated leaf etiolation, and improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under Cd stress. A modified calcium (Ca2+) flux and improved Cd2+ absorption were present in conjunction with it. Thus, we speculate that ACh could improve Cd resistance by promoting the uptake and accumulation of Cd, as well as the response of the Ca2+ signaling pathway. Also, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) were extracted during Cd stress. Therefore, these results provide new insights into the response of ACh during Cd stress.

Fracturing Fluid Polymer Thickener with Superior Temperature, Salt and Shear Resistance Properties from the Synergistic Effect of Double-Tail Hydrophobic Monomer and Nonionic Polymerizable Surfactant.

To develop high-salinity, high-temperature reservoirs, two hydrophobically associating polymers as fracturing fluid thickener were respectively synthesized through aqueous solution polymerization with acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), nonionic polymerizable surfactant (NPS) and double-tail hydrophobic monomer (DHM). The thickener ASDM (AM/AA/AMPS/NPS/DHM) and thickener ASD (AM/AA/AMPS/DHM) were compared in terms of properties of water dissolution, thickening ability, rheological behavior and sand-carrying. The results showed that ASDM could be quickly diluted in water within 6 min, 66.7% less than that of ASD. ASDM exhibited salt-thickening performance, and the apparent viscosity of 0.5 wt% ASDM reached 175.9 mPa·s in 100,000 mg/L brine, 100.6% higher than that of ASD. The viscosity of 0.5 wt% ASDM was 85.9 mPa·s after shearing for 120 min at 120 °C and at 170 s-1, 46.6% higher than that of ASD. ASDM exhibited better performance in thickening ability, viscoelasticity, shear recovery, thixotropy and sand-carrying than ASD. The synergistic effect of hydrophobic association and linear entanglement greatly enhancing the performance of ASDM and the compactness of the spatial network structure of the ASDM was enhanced. In general, ASDM exhibited great potential for application in extreme environmental conditions with high salt and high temperatures.