[Comparison and reflection of standardization of public health management system both at home and abroad].

Objective: To better promote the standardization of public health management in China, and provide evidence for the development and improvement of the standardization strategy and management system in public health field in China. Methods: This paper summarizes and analyzes the information about the standardized management mechanism collected from international organizations related with standardization in public health. Results: The standards in public health varied in different management systems of the international organizations, and there were great differences in organization nature, standard types, application, release, organization structure, standard development principles, advantages, transformation, promotion and implementation, and evaluation. Conclusion: China can benefit from the studying of the working mechanism of the international organization related with standardization in public health to facilitate its own standardization in public health.

[Current status of standardization of basic public health services and standardization strategy of service equalization in China].

To systematically analyze the status of the standardization of basic public health services, the project of basic public health service equalization and the first round of national pilot projects of the standardization of basic public services are carried out to provide support for the promotion of the standardization and equalization of basic public health services. The information about above-mentioned three aspects related to national basic public health services were collected, and a systematic comparison of standardization of basic public health services with the 14 specifications in the National Basic Public Health Service Specification (the 3(th) Edition) and the 51 pilot projects in the Notice of Carrying Out the Pilot Work of National Basic Public Service Standardization was conducted. The current public health standards are basically in line with the requirement of the resident health record management service specifications. However, the public health standards related to public health projects in other 13 service specifications and national basic public health service standardization pilot projects are incomplete or absent. The current public health standards cannot fully meet the requirements of the implementation of national basic public health services. In the process of promoting the equalization of basic public health service, it is urgent to develop targeted public health standards in related fields.

[Application and thinking of health standards related to public health in prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019].

Objective: To systematically analyze the basic characteristics and contents of the current health standards for infectious disease, environmental health, school health and disinfection in the context of COVID-19 prevention and control, and provide support for the further optimization of epidemic prevention and control guidelines and reference for the revision and improvement of related health standards. Methods: Public health standards used in COVID-19 prevention and control were selected for a systematic comparison with "The Plan of COVID19 Prevention and Control (the 6(t)h Edition)" and other epidemic prevention and control guidelines from the perspectives of application scope and technical elements. Results: The current standards of public health are with scientificity, timeliness and feasibility. The application scope and technical elements of the current public health standards basically meet the needs of the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic, but the public health standardization system still needs improvement, and some public health standards need to be revised. Conclusions: The implementation of current public health standards can provide strong technical support for the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic. The experience obtained from COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control might promote the further improvement of the health standardization system.

[Application and thinking of health standards related to medical care and health information in prevention and control of COVID-19].

Objective: To compare the technical elements of health standards for nosocomial infection control, health protection, health information, and health emergency and biosafety in the context of the prevention and control of COVID-19, and provide support for the further optimization of the epidemic prevention and control guidelines. Methods: Above mentioned health standards used in COVID-19 prevention and control were collected for a systematic comparison with "Guidelines for Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in Medical Institutions" (the 1(st) Edition) from the perspective of technical elements. Results: The application scope and technical elements of the current health standards basically meet the needs for the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic. Conclusions: The implementation of the current health standards can provide strong technical support for the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic. The experience obtained in the epidemic prevention and control can also contribute to the further revision and improvement of the health standards.

[Initial exploration of discordance in public health standards in China].

Discordance, such as overlap, repetition and inconsistent, of standards is one of the major problems in current standardization affair in China. Therefore, improving the unity and authority of standards through reduction of overlap, repetition and inconsistency has become the main goal of deepening standardization reform in China. This paper summarizes the discordance in public health standards in China, analyzes the major reasons and provides specific strategic suggestions through case analysis of public health standards in the ways of comparisons of same kind standards of other deparments and standards in administration documents and guidelines or technical specifications of academic associations or societies.

[Interpretation of policies for group standards and the practice of group standardizations in Chinese Preventive Medicine Association].

Recent years, national laws and government policies were published as series to encourage the development of group standardizations. The updated Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China, implemented on January 1(st), 2018, stipulates that group standard is a part of the Chinese standard system. Under the current supportive circumstances, more institutes and organizations have joined in the writing and releasing procedures of group standards'. Despite the rapid development of group standardization to publish, we are still at the phase of exploring and regulating group standardizations. This review summarizes the development and practice on the development group standardization in the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association and analyzes current condition and deficiency of the work in China, in order to develop suggestions and strategies to improve and regulate group standardization.

[Discussion on implementation of public health standards adopted in centers for disease control and prevention].

As the most important phase in standardization activity, implementation saves as the essence. CDC in China are the major institutions undertaking disease control and prevention. Implementing the standards of public health provides technical basis for CDC to complete the task of disease control and prevention. In the study, spot conversation and questionnaire were used to investigate the implementation of standards on public health in CDC. Results showed that the staff of CDC got to know the standards through the Internet. The departments of CDC which conducted training and sent staff to attend training courses accounted for 50.00%(25/50) and 34.00%(17/50), respectively. State mandatory rule is still the main reason for relevant departments to implement the standards of the public health. Government promotion activities facilitate the implementation of Standards, and the degree of familiarity with Standards affects the implementation as well. The paper summarizes the existing problems, such as the lack of coordination between departments of public health at provincial level or below, lack of access to standards, and the need to strengthen the training of the standard implementation etc. It puts forward some suggestions to strengthen the implementation of public health Standards.

Effects of losartan on fibrinolytic parameters and von Willebrand factor in Chinese subjects with hypertension: a comparative study versus atenolol.

To compare the effects of losartan and atenolol on plasma fibrinolytic parameters and von Willebrand factor (vWF), Chinese subjects with mild-to-moderate hypertension were randomized to receive losartan (50 mg/day; n = 30) or atenolol (50 mg/day; n = 30) for 8 weeks. If target blood pressure (< 140/90 mmHg) was not achieved at week 4, hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/day) was also administered. Plasma levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and vWF were determined at baseline and after treatment. Between-group baseline characteristics and blood pressure decrease were comparable. Losartan significantly reduced plasma PAI-1 and vWF and PAI-1/tPA ratio. Atenolol significantly increased plasma tPA, but PAI-1, vWF and PAI-1/tPA ratio were unchanged. In conclusion, losartan, but not atenolol improved the fibrinolytic system and reduced plasma vWF levels in Chinese hypertensives.

[Clinical observation on effect of intervention therapy with anticoagulant in treating patients of hypertension complicated with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease].

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of blood coagulation-fibrinolysis-C protein system in patients of hypertension with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease (AICVD) after anticoagulation therapy. METHODS: Fifty-seven cases of AICVD were grouped and treated with heparin and Xueshuantong (XST) respectively, and the levels of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and activated protein C (APC) were determined before and after treatment. RESULTS: The clinical markedly effective rate in the heparin group and the XST group was 69.2% and 67.7% respectively with no significant difference (P > 0.05). In the heparin group, level of PT and APTT prolonged, FIB decreased, t-PA activity elevated and PAI activity lowered, and APC unchanged. In the XST group, same changes in FIB, t-PA and PAI were shown but with APC increased, and PT and APTT unchanged. CONCLUSION: Both heparin and XST have good anticoagulatory function and show good clinical effect in treating patients with hypertension complicated with acute ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.