"Sclerotic Band" type of classification system and measurement of necrotic area for osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a common orthopedic disease. Based on years of clinical experience and significant imaging data, this study aimed to elucidate a new type of it, to help improve prognosis in young adults and provide a basis for hip preservation treatment.From January 2014 to December 2016, a total of 211 patients undergoing hip preservation surgery for femoral head necrosis at our hospital were enrolled in this study. Coronal plane classification and cross-sectional area analysis were performed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (computed tomography optional) in cases meeting the inclusion criteria. Meanwhile, a new method of classification and calculating the necrotic area was proposed. The application simulation was conducted using sample cases. Additionally, treatment methods were recommended. We used our method to compare the outcome of the selected patients with the JIC classification so as to judge the advantages and disadvantages.The " pressure bone trabecular angle " of the femoral head was measured, and the "sclerotic band" (Zhang Ying) type of classification system and the "quartile" (Zhang Ying) method of measurement were used in 2 sample cases. After analysis, it is more accurate than JIC.The "Sclerotic band" type of classification system and 'quartile' methods are new methods to evaluate the stability of femoral head necrosis. They are convenient for clinical application and easily adopted.

Effects of micro-/nano-hydroxyapatite and phytoremediation on fungal community structure in copper contaminated soil.

Micro-/nano-hydroxyapatite (MHA/NHA) has been used to reduce the concentration of available heavy metals and increase soil pH in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, little is known about the effects of MHA and NHA on soil fungal communities and function. In this study, fungal community composition was characterized from copper-contaminated soils amended with MHA, NHA and three other classic amendments combined with Elsholtzia splendens during a 3-year immobilization experiment. High-throughput sequencing results showed that applications of MHA increased the richness and diversity of the fungal community, which was opposite the results of NHA. SIMPER analysis indicated that both the relative abundance of fungi associated with biosorption and plant growth promotion increased, whereas the relative abundance of fungi related to bioleaching and potential pathogens decreased after applying MHA. Redundancy (RDA) analysis revealed that the soil pH was a crucial environmental factor in the succession of fungal communities. In addition, the results of functional prediction via FUNGuild suggested that the application of MHA had the potential to reduce the risk of pathogens infecting animals and plants in the soil but that NHA had some environmental risks. Overall, fungal community showed a synergistic effect of immobilization with the test amendments, and MHA was better for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils than the other test amendments.

Assessment of bacterial communities in Cu-contaminated soil immobilized by a one-time application of micro-/nano-hydroxyapatite and phytoremediation for 3 years.

Heavy metals contamination of soil has been considered as a global environmental problem, and consequently various soil amendments have been widely used in immobilization. Previous studies have reported that micro-/nano-hydroxyapatite (MHA/NHA) as a novel chemical material could alleviate soil acidity and reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals. However, the mechanism of soil microorganism responding to the application of MHA/NHA is little studied. Presently, an in-situ field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of MHA/NHA and the other three traditional amendments including alkali slag (AS), lime (L) and apatite (AP) on soil copper (Cu) bioavailability and dominate bacterial population. The results showed that the application of MHA/NHA effectively increased soil pH and decreased soil available Cu content, and showed the highest increasing effects on the activities of urease, catalase and acid phosphatase. Compared with the control, MHA/NHA significantly changed the soil bacterial community structure and increased the bacterial abundance and diversity. Besides, analysis of the dominate population showed that the application of MHA/NHA decreased the relative abundance of acidophiles and the indicator of soil degradation. Additionally, the relative abundance of potential plant growth promoting bacteria increased with the addition of MHA/NHA, which was confirmed by the characteristics (the ability of producing indole acetic acid and siderophore) of bacterial strains. These results suggested that these dominate bacterial populations with significant changes may be regarded as the biomarkers for the recovery of soil ecological environment, which provides a theoretical basis for the ecological evaluation of MHA/NHA.

Effects of long-term fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in lime concretion black soil.

In agroecosystem, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have mutually beneficial symbiosis with roots of many crops. Meanwhile, this special fungal community is also affected by agricultural mana-gements such as fertilization. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization managements (no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer combined with straw, chemical fertilizer combined with manure) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community (AM fungal community) in lime concretion black soil, and to identify the indicator species in each fertilization regime. The most dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phyla in lime concretion black soil were Archaeosporaceae, Diversisporaceae, Gigasporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Glomeraceae and Paraglomeraceae. The genus Paraglomus was strongly and significantly associated with the application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Compared with the control, long-term application of chemical fertilizer greatly changed AM fungal community structure and resulted in the decrease of AM fungal diversity, and the addition of wheat straw further decreased the diversity, while the addition of manure could alleviate diversity loss resulted from chemical fertilization. Soil pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were the main factors affecting the changes of AM fungal community. In summary, long-term application of chemical fertilizer combined with different organic materials had different impacts on soil AM fungal community structure and diversity. The combination of chemical fertilizer and manure would be more conducive to the maintenance of AM fungal diversity.