ABSTRACT
The soil microbiome plays a key role in plant health. Native soil microbiome inoculation, metagenomic profiling, and high-throughput cultivation require efficient microbe extraction. Sonication and oscillation are the most common methods used to extract soil microbiomes. However, the extraction efficiency of these methods has not been investigated in full. In this study, we compared the culturable microbe numbers, community structures, and alpha diversities among the different methods, including sonication, oscillation, and centrifugation, and their processing times. The study results showed that sonication significantly increases the culturable colony number compared with oscillation and centrifugation. Furthermore, the sonication strategy was found to be the main factor influencing extraction efficiency, but increased sonication time can aid in recovery from this impact. Finally, the extraction processing times were found to have a significant negative relationship with α-diversity among the extracted microbiota. In conclusion, sonication is the main factor for enriching in situ microbiota, and increased extraction time significantly decreases the α-diversity of the extracted microbiota. The results of this study provide insights into the isolation and utilization of different microorganism sources.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Most plant viruses rely on vectors for their transmission and spread. One of the outstanding biological questions concerning the vector-pathogen-symbiont multi-trophic interactions is the potential involvement of vector symbionts in the virus transmission process. Here, we used a multi-factorial system containing a non-persistent plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), its primary vector, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the obligate endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola to explore this uncharted territory. RESULTS: Based on our preliminary research, we hypothesized that aphid endosymbiont B. aphidicola can facilitate CMV transmission by modulating plant volatile profiles. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that CMV infection reduced B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae, in which lower abundance of B. aphidicola was associated with a preference shift in aphids from infected to healthy plants. Volatile profile analyses confirmed that feeding by aphids with lower B. aphidicola titers reduced the production of attractants, while increased the emission of deterrents. As a result, M. persicae changed their feeding preference from infected to healthy plants. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CMV infection reduces the B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae. When viruliferous aphids feed on host plants, dynamic changes in obligate symbionts lead to a shift in plant volatiles from attraction to avoidance, thereby switching insect vector's feeding preference from infected to healthy plants.
Subject(s)
Aphids/virology , Buchnera/physiology , Capsicum/virology , Cucumovirus/physiology , Plant Diseases/virology , Symbiosis , Animals , Aphids/drug effects , Aphids/microbiology , Aphids/physiology , Capsicum/microbiology , Capsicum/parasitology , Feeding Behavior , Host-Parasite Interactions , Insect Vectors/physiology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Diseases/parasitology , Rifampin/pharmacology , Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolismABSTRACT
The complete genome sequence of Southern tomato virus (STV), a double-stranded RNA virus that affects tomato in China, was determined using small RNA deep sequencing. This Chinese isolate shares 99% sequence identity to other isolates from Mexico, France, Spain, and the United States. This is the first report of STV infecting tomatoes in Asia.
