Iron, Tungsten Dual-Doped Nickel Sulfide as Efficient Bifunctional Catalyst for Overall Water Splitting.

Developing low-cost and highly efficient bifunctional catalysts for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a challenging problem in electrochemical overall water splitting. Here, iron, tungsten dual-doped nickel sulfide catalyst (Fe/W-Ni3S2) is synthesized on the nickel foam, and it exhibits excellent OER and HER performance. As a result, the water electrolyze based on Fe/W-Ni3S2 bifunctional catalyst illustrates 10 mA cm-2 at 1.69 V (without iR-compensation) and highly durable overall water splitting over 100 h tested under 500 mA cm-2. Experimental results and DFT calculations indicate that the synergistic interaction between Fe doping and Ni vacancy induced by W leaching during the in situ oxidation process can maximize exposed OER active sites on the reconstructed NiOOH species for accelerating OER kinetics, while the Fe/W dual-doping optimizes the electronic structure of Fe/W-Ni3S2 and the binding strength of intermediates for boosting HER. This study unlocks the different promoting mechanisms of incorporating Fe and W for boosting the OER and HER activity of Ni3S2 for water splitting, which provides significant guidance for designing high-performance bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting.

Moral sensitivity and academic ethical awareness of nursing and medical students: A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Moral sensitivity and academic integrity discernment hold paramount importance for healthcare professionals. Owing to distinct undergraduate educational backgrounds, nurses and physicians may exhibit divergent moral perspectives, academic integrity cognisance, and moral sensitivity within clinical environments. A limited number of studies have investigated the disparities and congruencies pertaining to moral sensitivity and academic ethical awareness among nursing and medical students. OBJECTIVE: The study compares moral sensitivity and academic ethical awareness of undergraduate nursing and medical students with and without clinical exposure. RESEARCH DESIGN: A self-administered cross-sectional survey conducted from January to February 2022 was used to collect data from a medical school in Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: A total of 545 respondents, including 137 nursing students and 408 medical students, completed the questionnaire. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: Ethics approval of the study was obtained. Written consent was waived to maintain anonymity because completing the questionnaire was considered implied consent. FINDINGS: Both groups of undergraduates demonstrated a high level of bioethics knowledge. In terms of academic integrity, medical students were found to have a less concerned attitude towards punctuality, attendance, and skipping classes. Regarding moral sensitivity, senior medical students with clinical experience put less emphasis on decision-making involving patient participation, while senior nursing students were more hesitant in withholding treatment for incompetent patients who refused treatment. Both nursing and medical students showed decreased moral sensitivity in the 'conflicts' domain with increased clinical exposure. CONCLUSION: Study findings contribute to the discussion comparing the ethical attitudes of nursing and medical students. More effort should be made in nursing and medical education to promote practices in line with high academic integrity and to develop the ability to be morally sensitive in professional settings.

Insights into the Mechanism of Ozone Activation and Singlet Oxygen Generation on N-Doped Defective Nanocarbons: A DFT and Machine Learning Study.

N-doped defective nanocarbon (N-DNC) catalysts have been widely studied due to their exceptional catalytic activity in many applications, but the O3 activation mechanism in catalytic ozonation of N-DNCs has yet to be established. In this study, we systematically mapped out the detailed reaction pathways of O3 activation on 10 potential active sites of 8 representative configurations of N-DNCs, including the pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, N on edge, and porphyrinic N, based on the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results indicate that O3 decomposes into an adsorbed atomic oxygen species (Oads) and an 3O2 on the active sites. The atomic charge and spin population on the Oads species indicate that it may not only act as an initiator for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also directly attack the organics on the pyrrolic N. On the N site and C site of the N4V2 system (quadri-pyridinic N with two vacancies) and the pyridinic N site at edge, O3 could be activated into 1O2 in addition to 3O2. The N4V2 system was predicted to have the best activity among the N-DNCs studied. Based on the DFT results, machine learning models were utilized to correlate the O3 activation activity with the local and global properties of the catalyst surfaces. Among the models, XGBoost performed the best, with the condensed dual descriptor being the most important feature.

The structure-activity relationship of aromatic compounds in advanced oxidation processes：a review.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used as efficient technologies to treat highly toxic and harmful substances in wastewater. Taking the most representative aromatic compounds (monosubstituted benzenes, substituted phenols and heterocyclic compounds) as examples, this paper firstly introduces their structures and the structural descriptors studied in AOPs before, and the influence of structural differences in AOPs with different reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the degradation rate was discussed in detail. The structure-activity relationship of pollutants has been previously analyzed through quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model, in which ROS is a very important influencing factor. When electrophilic oxidative species attacks pollutants, aromatic compounds with electron donating groups are more favorable for degradation than aromatic compounds with electron donating groups. While nucleophilic oxidative species comes to the opposite conclusion. The choice of advanced oxidation processes, the synergistic effect of various active oxygen species and the used catalysts will also change the degradation mechanism. This makes the structure-dependent activity relationship uncertain, and different conclusions are obtained under the influence of various experimental factors.

[Rule mining of acupoint and medication selection of acupoint application therapy for functional constipation].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the rules of acupoint and medication selection of acupoint application therapy for functional constipation (FC) by data mining technology. METHODS: The clinical research literature regarding acupoint application therapy for FC from published to February 26, 2020 was searched in CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, SinoMed and PubMed. The prescriptions were extracted, and by using SPSS24.0 and SPSS Modeler14.0 software, the use of high-frequency acupoints and medication was summarized. The association rule analysis, cluster analysis and core prescription analysis of acupoints and medication were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 122 prescriptions of acupoint application therapy were included, involving 32 acupoints. The core prescription of acupoints was Tianshu (ST 25), Dachangshu (BL 25), Shenque (CV 8) and Guanyuan (CV 4). The high-frequency meridians mainly included conception vessel, yangming stomach meridian of foot and taiyang bladder meridian of foot. The core prescription of medication was rheum officinale, mirabilite, immature bitter orange, mangnolia officinalis, common aucklandia root and borneol. CONCLUSION: The use of local acupoint and regulating-qi and purgating medication is an important principle of acupoint application therapy for FC.

The Anatomical and Clinical Significance of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve.

OBJECTIVE: This study summarizes the anatomical features of the superior laryngeal nerve in Chinese to enable the rapid location of the superior laryngeal nerve during an operation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of anatomical data. SETTING: Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University. METHODS: A total of 71 embalmed human cadavers (132 heminecks) were examined over 3 months. The length and diameter of the internal and external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve and their relationships with different landmarks were recorded. RESULTS: The total length of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was 23.4 ± 6.9 mm. The length of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was 47.7 ± 11.0 mm. Considering the midpoint of the lower edge of the thyroid cartilage as the starting point and using that edge as a horizontal line, when the entry point is above that line, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can be found within 41.1 mm and at an angle of 57.2°. When the entry point is below the lower edge of the thyroid cartilage, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can be found within 34.0 mm and at an angle of 36.5°. CONCLUSION: The superior laryngeal nerve in Chinese people has distinct anatomical characteristics. This article provides a new method of quickly locating the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve during the operation, which can reduce the probability of damaging the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

To relieve or to terminate? A Confucian ethical reflection on the use of morphine for late-stage cancer patients in China.

Morphine is usually preferred to treat moderate or severe pain for late-stage cancer patients. However, medically unindicated or excessive morphine use may result in respiratory depression and death. This essay contends that a clear distinction between relieving pain and performing active euthanasia in the use of morphine should be made in practice. By drawing on Confucian virtue resources, we construct a Confucian conception of human dignity, including both intrinsic and acquired dignity, to analyze the circumstances of morphine use in current China. We argue that not only the Confucian view of intrinsic dignity but also that of acquired dignity would not support morphine euthanasia.