Co-production of 1,3-propanediol and phage phiKpS2 from the glycerol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

As an alternative to antibiotics in response to antimicrobial-resistant infections, bacteriophages (phages) are garnering renewed interest in recent years. However, the massive preparation of phage is restricted using traditional pathogens as host cells, which incurs additional costs and contamination. In this study, an opportunistic pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae used to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), was reused to prepare phage after fermentation. The phage infection showed that the fed-batch fermentation broth containing 71.6 g/L 1,3-PDO can be directly used for preparation of phage with a titer of 1 × 108 pfu/mL. Then, the two-step salting-out extraction was adopted to remove most impurities, e.g. acetic acid (93.5%), ethanol (91.5%) and cells (99.4%) at the first step, and obtain 1,3-PDO (56.6%) in the top phase as well as phage (97.4%) in the middle phase at the second step. This integrated process provides a cheap and environment-friendly manner for coproduction of 1,3-PDO and phage.

Hsc70 promotes anti-tumor immunity by targeting PD-L1 for lysosomal degradation.

Immune checkpoint inhibition targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has become a powerful clinical strategy for treating cancer, but its efficacy is complicated by various resistance mechanisms. One of the reasons for the resistance is the internalization and recycling of PD-L1 itself upon antibody binding. The inhibition of lysosome-mediated degradation of PD-L1 is critical for preserving the amount of PD-L1 recycling back to the cell membrane. In this study, we find that Hsc70 promotes PD-L1 degradation through the endosome-lysosome pathway and reduces PD-L1 recycling to the cell membrane. This effect is dependent on Hsc70-PD-L1 binding which inhibits the CMTM6-PD-L1 interaction. We further identify an Hsp90α/ß inhibitor, AUY-922, which induces Hsc70 expression and PD-L1 lysosomal degradation. Either Hsc70 overexpression or AUY-922 treatment can reduce PD-L1 expression, inhibit tumor growth and promote anti-tumor immunity in female mice; AUY-922 can further enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 treatment. Our study elucidates a molecular mechanism of Hsc70-mediated PD-L1 lysosomal degradation and provides a target and therapeutic strategies for tumor immunotherapy.

Dynamic immobilization of bacterial cells on biofilm in a polyester nonwoven chemostat.

Cell immobilization plays an important role in biocatalysis for high-value products. It is necessary to maintain the viability of immobilized cells for bioconversion using viable cells as biocatalysts. In this study, a novel polyester nonwoven chemostat was designed for cell immobilization to investigate biofilm formation and the dynamic balance between adsorption and desorption of cells on polyester nonwoven. The polyester nonwoven was suitable for cell immobilization, and the cell numbers on the polyester nonwoven can reach 6.5 ± 0.38 log CFU/mL. After adding the polyester nonwoven to the chemostat, the fluctuation phenomenon of free bacterial cells occurred. The reason for this phenomenon was the balance between adsorption and desorption of bacterial cells on the polyester nonwoven. Bacterial cells could adhere to the surface of polyester nonwoven via secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to form biofilms. As the maturation of biofilms, some dead cells inside the biofilms can cause the detachment of biofilms. This process of continuous adsorption and desorption of cells can ensure that the polyester nonwoven chemostat has lasting biological activity.

Kinetics-based development of two-stage continuous fermentation of 1,3-propanediol from crude glycerol by Clostridium butyricum.

BACKGROUND: Glycerol, as a by-product, mainly derives from the conversion of many crops to biodiesel, ethanol, and fatty ester. Its bioconversion to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) is an environmentally friendly method. Continuous fermentation has many striking merits over fed-batch and batch fermentation, such as high product concentration with easy feeding operation, long-term high productivity without frequent seed culture, and energy-intensive sterilization. However, it is usually difficult to harvest high product concentrations. RESULTS: In this study, a three-stage continuous fermentation was firstly designed to produce 1,3-PDO from crude glycerol by Clostridium butyricum, in which the first stage fermentation was responsible for providing the excellent cells in a robust growth state, the second stage focused on promoting 1,3-PDO production, and the third stage aimed to further boost the 1,3-PDO concentration and reduce the residual glycerol concentration as much as possible. Through the three-stage continuous fermentation, 80.05 g/L 1,3-PDO as the maximum concentration was produced while maintaining residual glycerol of 5.87 g/L, achieving a yield of 0.48 g/g and a productivity of 3.67 g/(L·h). Based on the 14 sets of experimental data from the first stage, a kinetic model was developed to describe the intricate relationships among the concentrations of 1,3-PDO, substrate, biomass, and butyrate. Subsequently, this kinetic model was used to optimize and predict the highest 1,3-PDO productivity of 11.26 g/(L·h) in the first stage fermentation, while the glycerol feeding concentration and dilution rate were determined to be 92 g/L and 0.341 h-1, separately. Additionally, to achieve a target 1,3-PDO production of 80 g/L without the third stage fermentation, the predicted minimum volume ratio of the second fermenter to the first one was 11.9. The kinetics-based two-stage continuous fermentation was experimentally verified well with the predicted results. CONCLUSION: A novel three-stage continuous fermentation and a kinetic model were reported. Then a simpler two-stage continuous fermentation was developed based on the optimization of the kinetic model. This kinetics-based development of two-stage continuous fermentation could achieve high-level production of 1,3-PDO. Meanwhile, it provides a reference for other bio-chemicals production by applying kinetics to optimize multi-stage continuous fermentation.

[Tolerance of hyperosmolar Candida krusei].

The utilization of industrial microorganisms for the conversion of lignocellulose into high value-added chemicals is an essential pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality and promoting sustainable bioeconomy. However, the pretreated lignocellulase hydrolysate often contains various sugars, salts, phenols/aldehydes and other substances, which requires microorganisms to possess strong tolerance for direct fermentation. This study aims to investigate the tolerance of Candida krusei to substrate, salt, and high temperature shock, in order to validate its potential for utilizing the enzymatic hydrolysate of Pennisetum giganteum in seawater for fermentation. The experimental results showed that the adaptively domesticated C. krusei exhibited tolerance to glucose at a concentration of 200 g/L and became a hypertonic strain. When seawater was used instead of freshwater without sterilization, the yield of glycerol in fermentation was 109% higher than that in freshwater with sterilization. Moreover, the combined thermal shock at 32 hours of fermentation and addition of 10 Na2SO3 at 48 hours resulted in a yield of glycerol to glucose 0.37 g/g, which was 225% higher than the control group. By fermenting the enzymatic hydrolysate of P. giganteum pretreated in seawater, the total conversion rate of glucose into glycerol and ethanol reached 0.45 g/g. This study indicates that hypertonic C. krusei exhibits remarkable adaptability to substrate, salt, and temperature. It not only can directly utilize complex lignocellulosic hydrolysates, but also exhibits strong tolerance to them. Therefore, it provides a potential candidate strain for the production of bio-based chemicals using lignocellulosic processes.

Oleanolic acid alleviates obesity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpene with reported protective effects against various diseases, including diabetes, hepatitis, and different cancers. However, the effects of OA on obesity-induced muscle atrophy remain largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of OA on skeletal muscle production and proliferation of C2C12 cells. We report that OA significantly increased skeletal muscle mass and improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. OA inhibited dexamethasone (Dex)-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myoblasts by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, it also inhibited expression of MuRF1 and Atrogin1 genes in skeletal muscle of obese mice suffering from muscle atrophy, and increased the activation of PI3K and Akt, thereby promoting protein synthesis, and eventually alleviating muscle atrophy. Taken together, these findings suggest OA may have potential for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy.

Exercise-inducible circulating extracellular vesicle irisin promotes browning and the thermogenic program in white adipose tissue.

AIM: Exercise can reduce body weight and promote white fat browning, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study investigated the role of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/Irisin, a hormone released from exercising muscle, in the browning of white fat in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs). METHODS: Mice were subjected to a 4 weeks of running table exercise, and fat browning was analyzed via histology, protein blotting and qPCR. Circulating EVs were extracted by ultrahigh-speed centrifugation, and ELISA was used to measure the irisin concentration in the circulating EVs. Circulating EVs that differentially expressed irisin were applied to adipocytes, and the effect of EV-irisin on adipocyte energy metabolism was analyzed by immunofluorescence, protein blotting, and cellular oxygen consumption rate analysis. RESULTS: During sustained exercise, the mice lost weight and developed fat browning. FNDC5 was induced, cleaved, and secreted into irisin, and irisin levels subsequently increased in the plasma during exercise. Interestingly, irisin was highly expressed in circulating EVs that effectively promoted adipose browning. Mechanistically, the circulating EV-irisin complex is transported intracellularly by the adipocyte membrane receptor integrin αV, which in turn activates the AMPK signaling pathway, which is dependent on mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 to cause mitochondrial plasmonic leakage and promote heat production. After inhibition of the AMPK signaling pathway, the effects of the EV-irisin on promoting fat browning were minimal. CONCLUSION: Exercise leads to the accumulation of circulating EV-irisin, which enhances adipose energy metabolism and thermogenesis and promotes white fat browning in mice, leading to weight loss.

Dynamic flux balance analysis of 1,3-propanediol production by clostridium butyricum fermentation.

To study the relationship between the yield of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and the flux change of the Clostridium butyricum metabolic pathway, an optimized calculation method based on dynamic flux balance analysis was used by combining genome-scale flux balance analysis with a kinetic model. A more comprehensive and extensive metabolic pathway was obtained by optimization calculations. The primary extended branches include: the dihydroxyacetone node, which enters the pentose phosphate pathway; the α-oxoglutarate node, which has synthetic metabolic pathways for glutamic acid and amino acids; and the serine and homocysteine nodes, which produce cystathionine before homocysteine enters the methionine cycle pathway. According to the expanded metabolic network, the flux distribution of key nodes in the metabolic pathway and the relationship between the flux distribution ratio of nodes and the yield of 1,3-PDO were analyzed. At the dihydroxyacetone node, the flux of dihydroxyacetone converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate was positively correlated with the yield of 1,3-PDO. As an important intermediate product, the flux change in the metabolic pathway of α-oxoglutarate reacting with amino acids to produce glutamic acid is positively correlated with the yield. When pyruvate was used as the central node to convert into lactic acid and α-oxoglutarate, the proportion of branch flux was negatively correlated with the yield of 1,3-PDO. These studies provide a theoretical basis for the optimization and further study of the metabolic pathway of C. butyricum.

Organic phosphorus levels change the hyphosphere phoD-harboring bacterial community of Funneliformis mosseae.

The phoD-harboring bacterial community is responsible for organic phosphorus (P) mineralization in soil and is important for understanding the interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) at the community level for organic P turnover. However, current understanding of the phoD-harboring bacterial community associated with AM fungal hyphae responses to organic P levels remains incomplete. Here, two-compartment microcosms were used to explore the response of the phoD-harboring bacterial community in the hyphosphere to organic P levels by high-throughput sequencing. Extraradical hyphae of Funneliformis mosseae enriched the phoD-harboring bacterial community and organic P levels significantly altered the composition of the phoD-harboring bacterial community in the Funneliformis mosseae hyphosphere. The relative abundance of dominant families Pseudomonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae was significantly different among organic P treatments and were positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase activity and available P concentration in the hyphosphere. Furthermore, phytin addition significantly decreased the abundance of the phoD gene, and the latter was significantly and negatively correlated with available P concentration. These findings not only improve the understanding of how organic P influences the phoD-harboring bacterial community but also provide a new insight into AM fungus-PSB interactions at the community level to drive organic P turnover in soil.

MiR-222-3p suppresses C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation via the inhibition of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway.

Numerous studies have revealed the profound impact of microRNAs on regulating skeletal muscle development and regeneration. However, the biological function and regulation mechanism of miR-222-3p in skeletal muscle remains largely unknown. In this study, miR-222-3p was found to be abundantly expressed in the impaired skeletal muscles, indicating that it might have function in the development and regeneration process of the skeletal muscle. MiR-222-3p overexpression impeded C2C12 myoblast proliferation and myogenic differentiation, whereas inhibition of miR-222-3p got the opposite results. The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) was the target gene of miR-222-3p. We next found that knockdown of IRS-1 could obviously suppress C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, miR-222-3p-induced repression of myoblast proliferation and differentiation was verified to be associated with a decrease in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling. Overall, we demonstrated that miR-222-3p inhibited C2C12 cells myogenesis via IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway. Therefore, miR-222-3p may be used as a therapeutic target for alleviating muscle loss caused by inherited and nonhereditary diseases.

Deoxynivalenol Detoxification by a Novel Strain of Pichia kudriavzevii via Enzymatic Degradation and Cell Wall Adsorption.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that significantly threatens the food and feed industry. Corn steep liquor (CSL) is an acidic byproduct of the corn starch industry, and DON is concentrated in CSL once the material is contaminated. In this work, a Pichia kudriavzevii strain that could remove DON from CSL was isolated and characterized. The strain P. kudriavzevii E4-205 showed detoxifying activity in a pH range of 4.0~7.0 and temperature of 25~42 °C, and 39.4% DON was reduced by incubating this strain in CSL supernatant diluted by 2-fold (5 µg/mL DON) for 48 h at pH 5.0 and 30 °C. Further mechanism studies showed that P. kudriavzevii E4-205 could adsorb DON by the cell wall and degrade DON by intracellular enzymes with NADH as a cofactor. The degradation product was identified as 3,7,8,15-tetrahydroxyscirpene by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. DON adsorption by inactivated cells was characterized, and the adsorption followed pseudo first-order kinetics. This study revealed a novel mechanism by which microbes degrade DON and might serve as a guide for the development of DON biological detoxification methods.

The pretreatment of the sustainable biomass feedstock of Pennisetum giganteum for biorefinery using deep eutectic solvents.

In this study, Pennisetum giganteum (PG) was investigated as lignocellulosic feedstock to be pretreated by the acidic and basic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to generate monomeric sugars. The basic DESs showed excellent efficiency of delignification and saccharification. ChCl/MEA can remove 79.8 % lignin and reserve 89.5 % cellulose. As a result, 95.6 % glucose and 88.0 % xylose yield were obtained, significantly enhanced 9.4 and 15.5 times in contrast with those of the unpretreated PG. The 3D microstructures of raw and pretreated PG were constructed for the first time to better investigate the pretreatment effect on its structure. The increasing porosity (20.5 %) and the reducing CrI (42.2 %) contributed in enhancing enzymatic digestion. Moreover, the recyclability of DES indicated that at least 90 % DES was recovered and 59.5 % lignin still can removed with 79.8 % glucose were obtained after five recycling cycles. Meanwhile, 51.6 % lignin was recovered throughout the recycling process.

Machine learning-based analysis of risk factors for atrial fibrillation recurrence after Cox-Maze IV procedure in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic valvular disease: A retrospective cohort study with a control group.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of the Cox-Maze IV procedure (CMP-IV) in combination with valve surgery in patients with both atrial fibrillation (AF) and valvular disease and use machine learning algorithms to identify potential risk factors of AF recurrence. Methods: A total of 1,026 patients with AF and valvular disease from two hospitals were included in the study. 555 patients received the CMP-IV procedure in addition to valve surgery and left atrial appendage ligation (CMP-IV group), while 471 patients only received valve surgery and left atrial appendage ligation (Non-CMP-IV group). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the sinus rhythm maintenance rate. 58 variables were selected as variables for each group and 10 machine learning models were developed respectively. The performance of the models was evaluated using five-fold cross-validation and metrics including F1 score, accuracy, precision, and recall. The four best-performing models for each group were selected for further analysis, including feature importance evaluation and SHAP analysis. Results: The 5-year sinus rhythm maintenance rate in the CMP-IV group was 82.13% (95% CI: 78.51%, 85.93%), while in the Non-CMP-IV group, it was 13.40% (95% CI: 10.44%, 17.20%). The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), LightGBM, Category Boosting (CatBoost) and Random Fores (RF) models performed the best in the CMP-IV group, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.768 (95% CI: 0.742, 0.786), 0.766 (95% CI: 0.744, 0.792), 0.762 (95% CI: 0.723, 0.801), and 0.732 (95% CI: 0.701, 0.763), respectively. In the Non-CMP-IV group, the LightGBM, XGBoost, CatBoost and RF models performed the best, with AUC values of 0.738 (95% CI: 0.699, 0.777), 0.732 (95% CI: 0.694, 0.770), 0.724 (95% CI: 0.668, 0.789), and 0.716 (95% CI: 0.656, 0.774), respectively. Analysis of feature importance and SHAP revealed that duration of AF, preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, postoperative heart rhythm, preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, preoperative left atrial diameter and heart rate were significant factors in AF recurrence. Conclusion: CMP-IV is effective in treating AF and multiple machine learning models were successfully developed, and several risk factors were identified for AF recurrence, which may aid clinical decision-making and optimize the individual surgical management of AF.

Clinical efficacy and safety of Cox-maze IV procedure for atrial fibrillation in patients with aortic valve calcification.

Objective: Atrial fibrillation is associated with a high incidence of heart valve disease. There are few prospective clinical research comparing aortic valve replacement with and without surgical ablation for safety and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of aortic valve replacement with and without the Cox-maze IV procedure in patients with calcific aortic valvular disease and atrial fibrillation. Methods: We analyzed one hundred and eight patients with calcific aortic valve disease and atrial fibrillation who underwent aortic valve replacement. Patients were divided into concomitant Cox maze surgery (Cox-maze group) and no concomitant Cox-maze operation (no Cox-maze group). After surgery, freedom from atrial fibrillation recurrence and all-cause mortality were evaluated. Results: Freedom from all-cause mortality after aortic valve replacement at 1 year was 100% in the Cox-maze group and 89%, respectively, in the no Cox-maze group. No Cox-maze group had a lower rate of freedom from atrial fibrillation recurrence and arrhythmia control than those in the Cox-maze group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.012, respectively). Pre-operatively higher systolic blood pressure (hazard ratio, 1.096; 95% CI, 1.004-1.196; P = 0.04) and post-operatively increased right atrium diameters (hazard ratio, 1.755; 95% CI, 1.182-2.604; P = 0.005) were associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence. Conclusion: The Cox-maze IV surgery combined with aortic valve replacement increased mid-term survival and decreased mid-term atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients with calcific aortic valve disease and atrial fibrillation. Pre-operatively higher systolic blood pressure and post-operatively increased right atrium diameters are associated with the prediction of recurrence of atrial fibrillation.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reduce insulin resistance and obesity in mice via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Obesity is a common chronic metabolic disease that induces chronic systemic inflammation in the body, eventually leading to related complications such as insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes such as cardiovascular disease. Exosomes transfer bioactive substances to neighboring or distal cells through autosomal, paracrine, or distant secretion, regulating the gene and protein expression levels of receptor cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) on high-fat diet obese mice and mature 3T3-L1 adipocyte models of IR. BMSC-Exo treatment of obese mice promoted their metabolic homeostasis, including reduction of obesity, inhibition of M1-type proinflammatory factor expression, and improvement of insulin sensitivity. In vitro analysis revealed that BMSC-Exos improved IR and lipid droplet accumulation in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with palmitate (PA). Mechanistically, BMSC-Exos cause increased glucose uptake and improved IR in high-fat chow-fed mice and PA-acting 3T3-L1 adipocytes by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway and upregulating glucose transporter protein 4 (GLUT4) expression. This study offers a new perspective for the development of treatments for IR in obese and diabetic patients.

Extractive adsorption of 1,3-propanediol on a novel polystyrene macroporous resin enclosing medium and long-chain alcohols as extractant.

Extractive adsorption is an integrated separation method employing a novel resin with both particle and liquid characteristics in terms of adsorption and extraction. In this study, the novel extractive adsorption polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) macroporous resin was synthesized by suspension polymerization, in which n-octanol (OL-PS-DVB) or mixed alcohols of n-octanol, undecyl alcohol, and tetradecyl alcohol (MA-PS-DVB) were added as porogen and enclosed in the resin skeleton after the reaction. The characterization of the two novel resins of OL-PS-DVB and MA-PS-DVB showed that they have large specific surface areas of 48.7 and 17.4 m2/g, respectively. Additionally, the two synthesized resins have much higher static adsorption capacities of 1,3-propanediol (511 and 473 mg/g) and dynamic adsorption capacities (312 and 267 mg/g) than traditional resins, because extractants enclosed in the resin can increase the adsorption capacity. Through Langmuir equation, the theoretical static maximum adsorption capacity of the mixed alcohols resin is 515 mg/g at 298 K and Gibbs free energy change of adsorption was -3781 J/mol, indicating that the adsorption process was spontaneous. In addition, the sorbent concentration effect in the resin was generated at high 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) concentrations. The fitting of the Flocculation model can reveal that there is a possible relation between adsorption and flocculation. Compared to OL-PS-DVB, MA-PS-DVB showed better performance in the recovery yield of 1,3-PDO and other byproducts, the removal rates of the inorganic salt and protein, and the efficiency of recycled resin. For MA-PS-DVB, the recovery of 1,3-PDO, butyrate acid, acetic acid, and residual glycerol was 97.1%, 94.7%, 93.3%, and 90.3%, respectively. Simultaneously, the resin of MA-PS-DVB could remove 93.8% of inorganic salts and 90.9% of proteins in the concentrated fermentation broth. The two synthesized resins of OL-PS-DVB and MA-PS-DVB still had 90% or 92% of capacity for extractive adsorption of 1,3-propanediol after 10 times of recycling, which exhibited potential application in the separation of 1,3-propanediol from fermentation broth.

In situ carbon dioxide capture to co-produce 1,3-propanediol, biohydrogen and micro-nano calcium carbonate from crude glycerol by Clostridium butyricum.

BACKGROUND: Climate change caused by greenhouse gas emission has become a global hot topic. Although biotechnology is considered as an environmentally friendly method to produce chemicals, almost all biochemicals face carbon dioxide emission from inevitable respiration and energy metabolism of most microorganisms. To cater for the broad prospect of biochemicals, bioprocess optimization of diverse valuable products is becoming increasingly important for environmental sustainability and cleaner production. Based on Ca(OH)2 as a CO2 capture agent and pH regulator, a bioprocess was proposed for co-production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), biohydrogen and micro-nano CaCO3 by Clostridium butyricum DL07. RESULTS: In fed-batch fermentation, the maximum concentration of 1,3-PDO reached up to 88.6 g/L with an overall productivity of 5.54 g/L/h. This productivity is 31.9% higher than the highest value previously reports (4.20 g/L/h). In addition, the ratio of H2 to CO2 in exhaust gas showed a remarkable 152-fold increase in the 5 M Ca(OH)2 group compared to 5 M NaOH as the CO2 capture agent. Green hydrogen in exhaust gas ranged between 17.2% and 20.2%, with the remainder being N2 with negligible CO2 emissions. During CO2 capture in situ, micro-nano calcite particles of CaCO3 with sizes in the range of 300 nm to 20 µm were formed simultaneously. Moreover, when compared with 5M NaOH group, the concentrations of soluble salts and proteins in the fermentation broth of 5 M Ca(OH)2 group were notably reduced by 53.6% and 44.1%, respectively. The remarkable reduction of soluble salts and proteins would contribute to the separation of 1,3-PDO. CONCLUSIONS: Ca(OH)2 was used as a CO2 capture agent and pH regulator in this study to promote the production of 1,3-PDO. Meanwhile, micro-nano CaCO3 and green H2 were co-produced. In addition, the soluble salts and proteins in the fermentation broth were significantly reduced.

Phase Target-Based Calibration of Projector Radial Chromatic Aberration for Color Fringe 3D Measurement Systems.

The camera and projector are indispensable hardware parts of a color fringe projection 3D measurement system. Chromatic aberration between different color channels of the projector and camera has an impact on the measurement accuracy of the color fringe projection 3D profile measurement. There are many studies on camera calibration, but the chromatic aberration of the projector remains a question deserving of further investigation. In view of the complex system architecture and theoretical derivation of the traditional projector radial chromatic aberration method, a phase target based on projector radial chromatic aberration measurement and the correction method are proposed in this paper. This method uses a liquid crystal display with a holographic projection film as the phase target. The liquid crystal display sequentially displays red, green, and blue horizontal and vertical sinusoidal fringe images. The projector projects red, green, and blue horizontal and vertical sinusoidal fringe images to the phase target in turn, and calculates the absolute phases of the display fringes and reflection fringes, respectively. Taking the green channel as the reference channel, a phase coordinate system is established based on the phases of the vertical and horizontal directions displayed on the display screen, using the phase of the reflection fringes on the display screen as the ideal phase value of the phase point. Then, the phase coordinate system of the red and blue channels is transferred to the green phase coordinate system to calculate the chromatic aberration of the red-green channels and the blue-green channels, and pre-compensation is conducted. Experimental results prove that this method can measure and calibrate the radial chromatic aberration of the projector without being affected by the image quality of the camera. The correction effect of this method is that the maximum chromatic aberration of the red-green channel decreases from 1.9591/pixel to 0.5759/pixel, and the average chromatic aberration decreases from 0.2555/pixel to 0.1865/pixel. In addition, blue-green channel maximum chromatic aberration decreased from 1.8906/pixel to 0.5938/pixel, and the average chromatic aberration decreased from 0.2347/pixel to 0.1907/pixel. This method can improve the projection quality for fringe projection 3D profile measurement technology.

Effect of electrophysiological mapping on non-transmural annulus ablation and atrial fibrillation recurrence prediction after 6 months of Cox-Maze IV procedure.

Objective: The objective of this study was to observe the safety and efficacy of electrophysiological mapping following the Cox-Maze IV procedure and to investigate whether a correlation exists between recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) with the completeness of bidirectional electrical isolation and the inducibility of AF immediately after the Cox-Maze IV procedure. Methods: Totally, 80 consecutive patients who suffered from aortic valve or mitral valve disease and persistent AF were randomly enrolled into the control group and electrophysiological mapping following the Cox-Maze IV group (Electrophysio-Maze group). In the Electrophysio-Maze group, patients underwent concomitant Cox-Maze procedure and following electrophysiological mapping of ablation lines in mitral isthmus, left atrial "box," and tricuspid annulus. If the bidirectional electrical isolation of tricuspid annulus ablation line is incomplete, whether to implement supplementary ablation will be independently decided by the operator. Before and after the Cox-Maze IV procedure, AF induction was performed. All patients in both groups were continuously followed-up and underwent electrocardiogram Holter monitoring after 6 months. Results: In total, 42 Electrophysio-Maze patients and 38 controls were enrolled. Compared with patients in the control group, there were shorter hospital stay, better cardiac remodeling changes, and higher relief from AF during the follow-up period of 6 months in the Electrophysio-Maze group. Within the Electrophysio-Maze group, the rate of incomplete the bidirectional electrical isolation of "box" ablation lines was zero, and the rate of incomplete bidirectional electrical isolation of mitral isthmus ablation line or tricuspid annulus ablation line was 23.8%. After two cases of successful complementary ablation on the tricuspid annulus ablation line, the final incomplete bidirectional electrical isolation of annulus ablation lines was 19.0%. There were correlations between late AF recurrence after 6 months with incomplete bidirectional electrical isolation of annulus ablation lines and AF induction immediately after the Cox-Maze IV procedure. Conclusion: Electrophysiological mapping following the Cox-Maze procedure is safe and effective. Electrophysiological mapping in the Cox-Maze procedure can find out the non-transmural annulus ablation lines by assessing the completeness of bidirectional electrical isolation of ablation lines, guide supplementary ablation, and predict AF recurrence after 6 months.

Bu Shen Yi Sui Capsules Promote Remyelination by Regulating MicroRNA-219 and MicroRNA-338 in Exosomes to Promote Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation.

Remyelination is a refractory feature of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies have shown that promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation, which cannot be achieved by currently available therapeutic agents, is the key to enhancing remyelination. Bu Shen Yi Sui capsule (BSYSC) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine over many years of clinical practice. We have found that BSYSC can effectively treat MS. In this study, the effects of BSYSC in promoting OPCs differentiation and remyelination were assessed using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in vivo and cultured OPCs in vitro. The results showed that BSYSC reduced clinical function scores and increased neuroprotection. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFR-α) was decreased and the level of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) was increased in the brains and spinal cords of mice as well as in OPCs after treatment with BSYSC. We further found that BSYSC elevated the expression of miR-219 or miR-338 in the serum exosomes of mice with EAE, thereby suppressing the expression of Sox6, Lingo1, and Hes5, which negatively regulate OPCs differentiation. Therefore, serum exosomes of BSYSC-treated mice (exos-BSYSC) were extracted and administered to OPCs in which miR-219 or miR-338 expression was knocked down by adenovirus, and the results showed that Sox6, Lingo1, and Hes5 expression was downregulated, MBP expression was upregulated, OPCs differentiation was increased, and the ability of OPCs to wrap around neuronal axons was improved. In conclusion, BSYSC may exert clinically relevant effects by regulating microRNA (miR) levels in exosomes and thus promoting the differentiation and maturation of OPCs.