Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Influence Microbial Community Composition and Metabolic Function to Enhance the Efficiency of Hybrid pennisetum Remediation in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil.

The green and efficient remediation of soil cadmium (Cd) is an urgent task, and plant-microbial joint remediation has become a research hotspot due to its advantages. High-throughput sequencing and metabolomics have technical advantages in analyzing the microbiological mechanism of plant growth-promoting bacteria in improving phytoremediation of soil heavy metal pollution. In this experiment, a pot trial was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculating the plant growth-promoting bacterium Enterobacter sp. VY on the growth and Cd remediation efficiency of the energy plant Hybrid pennisetum. The test strain VY-1 was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics to assess its effects on microbial community composition and metabolic function. The results demonstrated that Enterobacter sp. VY-1 effectively mitigated Cd stress on Hybrid pennisetum, resulting in increased plant biomass, Cd accumulation, and translocation factor, thereby enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. Analysis of soil physical-chemical properties revealed that strain VY-1 could increase soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium content. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicated that strain VY-1 significantly influenced bacterial community composition, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, among others, being the main differential taxa. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that available phosphorus, available potassium, and pH were the primary factors affecting bacterial communities. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) demonstrated that strain VY-1 modulated the metabolite profile of Hybrid pennisetum rhizosphere soil, with 27 differential metabolites showing significant differences, including 19 up-regulated and eight down-regulated expressions. These differentially expressed metabolites were primarily involved in metabolism and environmental information processing, encompassing pathways such as glutamine and glutamate metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and purine metabolism. This study utilized 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics technology to investigate the impact of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Enterobacter sp. VY-1 on the growth and Cd enrichment of Hybrid pennisetum, providing insights into the regulatory role of plant growth-promoting bacteria in microbial community structure and metabolic function, thereby improving the microbiological mechanisms of phytoremediation.

Effects of different water quality regulators on growth performance, immunologic function, and domestic water quality of GIFT tilapia.

Water quality regulation is widely recognized as a highly effective strategy for disease prevention in the field of aquaculture, and it holds significant potential for the development of sustainable aquaculture. Herein, four water quality regulators, including potassium monopersulfate (KMPS), tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS), bacillus subtilis (BS), and chitosan (CS), were added to the culture water of Oreochromis niloticus (GIFT tilapia) every seven days. Subsequently, the effects of these four water quality regulators on GIFT tilapia were comprehensively evaluated by measuring the water quality index of daily growth-related performance and immune indexes of GIFT tilapia. The findings indicated that implementing the four water quality regulators resulted in a decrease in the content of ammonia nitrogen, active phosphate, nitrite, total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the water. Additionally, these regulators were found to maintain dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and pH of the water effectively. Furthermore, using these regulators demonstrated positive effects on various physiological parameters of GIFT tilapia, including improvements in final body weight, weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), feed conversion ratio (FCR), spleen index (SI), hepato-somatic index (HSI), immune cell count, the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes (Nitric oxide, NO and Superoxide dismutase, SOD), and mRNA expression levels of immunity-related factors (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, TNF-α and Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1ß) in the liver and spleen. Notably, the most significant improvements were observed in the groups treated with the BS and CS water quality regulators. Moreover, BS and CS groups exhibited significantly higher serum levels of albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) (P < 0.05), whereas the other indicators showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) compared to the control group. However, the KMPS and THPS groups of GIFT tilapia exhibited significantly higher serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.05), whereas they exhibited significantly decreased HSI (P < 0.05). In addition, the partially pathological observations revealed the presence of cell vacuolation, nuclear shrinkage, and pyknosis within the liver. In conclusion, these four water quality regulators, mainly BS and CS, could improve the growth performance and immunity of GIFT tilapia to varying degrees by regulating the water quality and then further increasing the expression levels of immune-related factors or the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes of GIFT tilapia. On the contrary, the prolonged use of KMPS and THPS may gradually diminish their growth-enhancing properties and potentially hinder the growth of GIFT tilapia.

Parallel use of human stem cell lung and heart models provide insights for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily infects the respiratory tract, but pulmonary and cardiac complications occur in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To elucidate molecular mechanisms in the lung and heart, we conducted paired experiments in human stem cell-derived lung alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cell and cardiac cultures infected with SARS-CoV-2. With CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of ACE2, we demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was essential for SARS-CoV-2 infection of both cell types but that further processing in lung cells required TMPRSS2, while cardiac cells required the endosomal pathway. Host responses were significantly different; transcriptome profiling and phosphoproteomics responses depended strongly on the cell type. We identified several antiviral compounds with distinct antiviral and toxicity profiles in lung AT2 and cardiac cells, highlighting the importance of using several relevant cell types for evaluation of antiviral drugs. Our data provide new insights into rational drug combinations for effective treatment of a virus that affects multiple organ systems.

RNA-Seq and 16S rRNA Reveals That Tian-Dong-Tang-Gan Powder Alleviates Environmental Stress-Induced Decline in Immune and Antioxidant Function and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Litopenaeus vannami.

Ammonia stress and nitrite stress can induce immune depression and oxidative stress in Litopenaeus vannami (L. vannamei). Earlier reports showed that L. vannamei immunity, resistance to ammonia stress, and resistance to nitrite stress improved after Tian-Dong-Tang-Gan Powder (TDTGP) treatment, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, three thousand L. vannamei were fed different doses of TDTGP for 35 days and then subjected to ammonia and nitrite stress treatments for 72 h. Transcriptome and 16-Seq ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (16S rRNA-seq) were used to analyze hepatopancreas gene expression and changes in gut microbiota abundance in each group. The results showed that after TDTGP treatment, hepatopancreas mRNA expression levels of immunity- and antioxidant-related genes were increased, the abundance of Vibrionaceae in the gut microbiota was decreased, and the abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae was increased. In addition, after TDTGP treatment, the effects of ammonia and nitrite stress on the mRNA expression of Pu, cat-4, PPAF2, HO, Hsp90b1, etc. were reduced and the disruption of the gut microbiota was alleviated. In short, TDTGP can regulate the immunity and antioxidant of L. vannamei by increasing the expression levels of immunity- and antioxidant-related genes and regulating the abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae in the gut microbiota.

Genetic spectrum of CAKUT and risk factors for kidney failure: a pediatric multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tracts (CAKUT) are the leading cause of kidney failure in children with phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. Our objective was to describe the genetic spectrum and identify the risk factors for kidney failure in children with CAKUT. METHODS: Clinical and genetic data were derived from a multicenter network (Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database, CCGKDD) and the Chigene database. A total of 925 children with CAKUT who underwent genetic testing from 2014 to 2020 across China were studied. Data for a total of 584 children wereobtained from the CCGKDD, including longitudinal data regarding kidney function. The risk factors for kidney failure were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: A genetic diagnosis was established in 96 out of 925 (10.3%) children, including 72 (8%) with monogenic variants, 20 (2%) with copy number variants (CNVs), and 4 (0.4%)with major chromosomal anomalies. Patients with skeletal abnormalities were more likely to have large CNVs or abnormal karyotypes than monogenic variants. Eighty-two patients from the CCGKDD progressed to kidney failure at a median age of 13.0 (95% confidence interval, 12.4-13.6) years, and twenty-four were genetically diagnosed with variants of PAX2, TNXB, EYA1, HNF1B and GATA3 or the 48, XXYY karyotype. The multivariate analysis indicated that solitary kidney, posterior urethral valves, bilateral hypodysplasia, the presence of certain variants and premature birth were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic spectrum of CAKUT varies among different subphenotypes. The identified factors indicate areas that require special attention.

Parallel use of pluripotent human stem cell lung and heart models provide new insights for treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects the respiratory tract, but pulmonary and cardiac complications occur in severe COVID-19. To elucidate molecular mechanisms in the lung and heart, we conducted paired experiments in human stem cell-derived lung alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cell and cardiac cultures infected with SARS-CoV-2. With CRISPR- Cas9 mediated knock-out of ACE2, we demonstrated that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was essential for SARS-CoV-2 infection of both cell types but further processing in lung cells required TMPRSS2 while cardiac cells required the endosomal pathway. Host responses were significantly different; transcriptome profiling and phosphoproteomics responses depended strongly on the cell type. We identified several antiviral compounds with distinct antiviral and toxicity profiles in lung AT2 and cardiac cells, highlighting the importance of using several relevant cell types for evaluation of antiviral drugs. Our data provide new insights into rational drug combinations for effective treatment of a virus that affects multiple organ systems. One-sentence summary: Rational treatment strategies for SARS-CoV-2 derived from human PSC models.

Effect of Houpo-Mahuang Decoction on aggravated asthma induced by cigarette smoke and the expression of TRPA1 and tight junctions in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cigarette smoke (CS) is a common environmental irritant and a risk factor for asthma, as it induces as well as aggravates asthmatic attacks. The injured airway epithelial tight junctions (TJs) aggravate asthma. CS can aggravate asthma by activating the transient receptor potential ankyrin A1 (TRPA1) channel and enhancing TJs destruction. Houpo Mahuang decoction (HPMHD) is a classic traditional Chinese prescription for the treatment of asthma. However, its underlying action mechanism is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of HPMHD on the asthma phenotype and the regulation of TRPA1 and TJs in a CS-induced mouse model of aggravated asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under optimized chromatographic and mass spectrometry conditions, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) technique was used to detect and analyze the major chemical components of HPMHD. C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into seven groups, viz, normal saline (NS) group, ovalbumin (OVA) + CS group, dexamethasone group, HPMHD high-dose group and low-dose groups, n-butanol extract group, and ethyl acetate extract group, with 10 mice in each group. OVA sensitization and challenge, and CS exposure were used to establish the aggravated asthma model. As the main indices to evaluate the protective effect of HPMHD, the eosinophils count in peripheral blood, percentages of inflammatory cells classified and the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), airway responsiveness enhanced pause (Penh), and changes in lung histopathology were determined and compared among the groups. The mRNA and protein expression of TRPA1 and TJs in lung tissue was also examined. RESULTS: Using UPLC-QTOF-MS, the chemical components of HPMHD, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, laetrile, and amygdalin amide, were identified by 51 signal peaks. Compared with those in the NS group, the eosinophil number in the peripheral blood and the eosinophils and neutrophils percentages in BALF of the OVA + CS group were remarkably increased. Following the inhalation of 50 µl of acetylcholine chloride (ACH) at doses of 25 and 50 mg/mL, the Penh increased significantly (p < 0.01). Moreover, in the OVA + CS group, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung tissue showed a significant number of infiltrated inflammatory cells, increased mucus secretion in the lumen, damaged bronchial mucosa, increased thickness of tracheal wall, and increased score of lung damage (p < 0.01). The IL-4/5/13 levels were also remarkably increased (p < 0.01). The protein as well as gene expression of both ZO-1 and occludin decreased markedly in the lung tissue, while the expression of TRPA1 and claudin-2 was increased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Next, the OVA + CS group and the treatment groups were compared. The inflammatory cells, Penh value, and levels of IL-4/5/13 were significantly reduced, and less lung injury was observed in the treatment groups. The gene and protein levels of TRPA1 and TJs were corrected (p < 0.05, p < 0.01); the effects on the HPMHD high-dose and ethyl acetate extract groups were particularly remarkable. CONCLUSIONS: HPMHD reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell recruitment and Th2 cytokine secretion in CS-induced aggravated asthma mice, in a manner potentially dependent on regulation of the expression of TRPA1 and TJ proteins. Both the n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts contained the active ingredients, especially the ethyl acetate extract.

Responsible genes in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux: findings from the Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database.

BACKGROUND: Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in childhood. The present study identified the possible genetic contributions to primary VUR in children. METHODS: Patients with primary VUR were enrolled and analysed based on a national multi-center registration network (Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database, CCGKDD) that covered 23 different provinces/regions in China from 2014 to 2019. Genetic causes were sought using whole-exome sequencing (WES) or targeted-exome sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 379 unrelated patients (male: female 219:160) with primary VUR were recruited. Sixty-four (16.9%) children had extrarenal manifestations, and 165 (43.5%) patients showed the coexistence of other CAKUT phenotypes. Eighty-eight patient (23.2%) exhibited impaired renal function at their last visit, and 18 of them (20.5%) developed ESRD at the median age of 7.0 (IQR 0.9-11.4) years. A monogenic cause was identified in 28 patients (7.39%). These genes included PAX2 (n = 4), TNXB (n = 3), GATA3 (n = 3), SLIT2 (n = 3), ROBO2 (n = 2), TBX18 (n = 2), and the other 11 genes (one gene for each patient). There was a significant difference in the rate of gene mutations between patients with or without extrarenal complications (14.1% vs. 6%, P = 0.035). The frequency of genetic abnormality was not statistically significant based on the coexistence of another CAKUT (9.6% vs. 5.6%, P = 0.139, Chi-square test) and the grade of reflux (9.4% vs. 6.7%, P = 0.429). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the presence of genetic mutations did affect renal survival (Log-rank test, P = 0.01). PAX2 mutation carriers (HR 5.1, 95% CI 1.3-20.0; P = 0.02) and TNXB mutation carriers (HR 20.3, 95% CI 2.4-168.7; P = 0.01) were associated with increased risk of progression to ESRD. CONCLUSIONS: PAX2, TNXB, GATA3 and SLIT2 were the main underlying monogenic causes and accounted for up to 46.4% of monogenic VUR. Extrarenal complications and renal function were significantly related to the findings of genetic factors in children with primary VUR. Like other types of CAKUT, several genes may be responsible for isolated VUR.

Nicotinamide riboside attenuates age-associated metabolic and functional changes in hematopoietic stem cells.

With age, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) undergo changes in function, including reduced regenerative potential and loss of quiescence, which is accompanied by a significant expansion of the stem cell pool that can lead to haematological disorders. Elevated metabolic activity has been implicated in driving the HSC ageing phenotype. Here we show that nicotinamide riboside (NR), a form of vitamin B3, restores youthful metabolic capacity by modifying mitochondrial function in multiple ways including reduced expression of nuclear encoded metabolic pathway genes, damping of mitochondrial stress and a decrease in mitochondrial mass and network-size. Metabolic restoration is dependent on continuous NR supplementation and accompanied by a shift of the aged transcriptome towards the young HSC state, more youthful bone marrow cellular composition and an improved regenerative capacity in a transplant setting. Consequently, NR administration could support healthy ageing by re-establishing a more youthful hematopoietic system.

Effects of cigarette smoke on the aggravation of ovalbumin-induced asthma and the expressions of TRPA1 and tight junctions in mice.

The occurrence of asthma is closely related to environmental factors such as cigarette smoke (CS), one of the common risk factors. Environmental stimuli have the potential to activate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and cause or aggravate asthma. The destruction of tight junctions (TJs) between airway epithelial cells by environmental stimuli in asthma has been researched. It is worth exploring whether CS can injury TJs and aggravate asthma by activating TRPA1. The objective of this study was to investigate the aggravation of CS on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma related phenotypes and TJs expression in mice, and to explore the relationship between TRPA1 and the expression of TJs protein. Female wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, induced by OVA, CS and OVA plus CS (OVA + CS) respectively, were used to establish a 42-day asthma model, and mice with TRPA1 knockout (TRPA1-/-) were treated in the same way. This study detected the number of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in BALF, enhanced pause (Penh) of lung function, pathological changes and the gene and protein expressions of TRPA1 and TJs (including ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-2) in lung tissues. Compared with normal saline (NS) group, WT mice in the OVA group and OVA + CS group were significantly higher in asthma related phenotypes. The WT-OVA + CS group also showed higher Penh value, levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF and lung tissue injury scores when compared with the WT-OVA group and WT-CS group. However, WT-OVA + CS group mice had significantly larger number of neutrophils in BALF than the WT-OVA group, and had larger number of eosinophils in peripheral blood and higher levels of IL-4 in BALF than the WT-CS group. Meanwhile, compared with the WT-NS group, the expressions of TRPA1 and Claudin-2 in lung tissues increased in other three groups while their expressions of ZO-1 and Occludin decreased, among which, the WT-OVA + CS group showed more remarkable changes. Compared with the WT-OVA + CS group, mice in the TRPA1-/--OVA + CS showed a significant decrease in the number of inflammatory cells, levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF, Penh value and lung tissue injury score, and a downregulation of Claudin-2 expression while an upregulation of ZO-1 and Occludin expressions. In addition, the airway inflammation and injury, and the expressions of ZO-1, Occluding and Claudin-2 expressions were found with no statistic differences between TRPA1-/--OVA group and TRPA1-/--OVA + CS group. These results suggest that CS has aggravated the airway inflammation, pathological damage and destruction of TJs in airway epithelium of OVA-induced asthmatic mice, the processes of which are related to the increase of TRPA1 expression.

Posterior Urethral Valves with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Perspective on Urodynamics.

BACKGROUND: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs) are common in young boys with posterior urethral valves (PUVs). It is crucial to investigate the characteristics of PUV patients with and without LUTs after valve ablation. METHODS: Between January 2017 and December 2019, PUV patients visited Children's Hospital, Fudan University for following up were enrolled. Medical records and information from the patients' urodynamic studies (UDS) were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 54 enrolled PUV patients were divided into symptomatic PUV group (28 cases) and non-symptomatic PUV group (26 cases) according to daytime incontinence or not, and 21 OAB cases without structural abnormalities were set as UDS control group. The non-symptomatic PUV patients had lager filling volume (135 ± 46% of EBC) than the symptomatic PUV patients and OAB patients (106.1 ± 44.4% of EBC, p = 0.0255 and 88.1 ± 39.6% of EBC, p = 0.0007, respectively). The detrusor pressure at 1/4 and 3/4 of full filling was higher in PUV groups than the control group, but no significant difference was found between the PUV groups. PUV patients with LUTs had a higher rate (19/28, 67.9%) of impaired bladder compliance than non-symptomatic PUV patients (11/26, 42.3%, p = 0.0489). The PUV patients with LUTs had a trend of worse kidney functions in lower GFR, higher serum creatinine and lower estimated GFR. CONCLUSION: PUV patients have higher detrusor pressure regardless of the presence or absence of LUT symptoms. Bladder function assessments are needed in boys with PUV, even without incontinence symptoms after valve ablation.

EpiMogrify Models H3K4me3 Data to Identify Signaling Molecules that Improve Cell Fate Control and Maintenance.

The need to derive and culture diverse cell or tissue types in vitro has prompted investigations on how changes in culture conditions affect cell states. However, the identification of the optimal conditions (e.g., signaling molecules and growth factors) required to maintain cell types or convert between cell types remains a time-consuming task. Here, we developed EpiMogrify, an approach that leverages data from ∼100 human cell/tissue types available from ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics consortia to predict signaling molecules and factors that can either maintain cell identity or enhance directed differentiation (or cell conversion). EpiMogrify integrates protein-protein interaction network information with a model of the cell's epigenetic landscape based on H3K4me3 histone modifications. Using EpiMogrify-predicted factors for maintenance conditions, we were able to better potentiate the maintenance of astrocytes and cardiomyocytes in vitro. We report a significant increase in the efficiency of astrocyte and cardiomyocyte differentiation using EpiMogrify-predicted factors for conversion conditions.

Smad4 promotes diabetic nephropathy by modulating glycolysis and OXPHOS.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. TGF-ß1/Smad3 signalling plays a major pathological role in DN; however, the contribution of Smad4 has not been examined. Smad4 depletion in the kidney using anti-Smad4 locked nucleic acid halted progressive podocyte damage and glomerulosclerosis in mouse type 2 DN, suggesting a pathogenic role of Smad4 in podocytes. Smad4 is upregulated in human and mouse podocytes during DN. Conditional Smad4 deletion in podocytes protects mice from type 2 DN, independent of obesity. Mechanistically, hyperglycaemia induces Smad4 localization to mitochondria in podocytes, resulting in reduced glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and increased production of reactive oxygen species. This operates, in part, via direct binding of Smad4 to the glycolytic enzyme PKM2 and reducing the active tetrameric form of PKM2. In addition, Smad4 interacts with ATPIF1, causing a reduction in ATPIF1 degradation. In conclusion, we have discovered a mitochondrial mechanism by which Smad4 causes diabetic podocyte injury.

Metabolomics study of the prefrontal cortex in a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals the association between cholesterol metabolism disorder and hyperactive behavior.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disease for which specific biomarkers and pathological mechanisms have yet to be identified. Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly used to treat ADHD, but its therapeutic mechanisms and its impact on brain metabolites remain unclear. Metabolomics can help to discover biomarkers and identify pathophysiological mechanisms. We adopted an untargeted metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the potential biomarkers and pathogenesis of ADHD. Ten Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were chosen as healthy controls (vehicle, i.g.). Twenty young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly allocated to the SHR group (vehicle, i.g.) and MPH group (2 mg/kg/day, i.g.). We identified 103 metabolites from the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Orthogonal partial least square-discriminate analysis showed the differential expression of these metabolites between the groups. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses isolated 12 metabolites that differed significantly between the WKY and SHR groups: 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, adenosine monophosphate, cholesterol, lanosterol, and o-phosphoethanolamine; 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid and cholesterol were reversed with MPH treatment. Pathway and enrichment analyses revealed that the altered metabolites belonged to the cholesterol metabolism pathways. ELISA and western blotting showed that the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 were reduced in the PFC of the SHR; the latter two proteins were upregulated by MPH. In conclusion, metabolomics analysis identified potential biomarkers that influence cholesterol metabolism and may be implicated in the development of ADHD-like behavior. MPH can regulate cholesterol metabolism in the PFC of ADHD models. This study uncovered potential biomarkers and pathways involved in ADHD, providing new insight into its pathogenesis.

Combined Blockade of Smad3 and JNK Pathways Ameliorates Progressive Fibrosis in Folic Acid Nephropathy.

Acute kidney injury leading to chronic kidney disease through tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a major challenge in nephropathy. Several signaling pathways promote interstitial fibrosis; however, effective suppression of fibrosis may require blockade of more than one pathway. This study investigated whether blockade of Smad3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling gives added suppression of interstitial fibrosis in folic acid nephropathy. A single high dose of folic acid (FA) causes acute tubular damage in C57BL/6J mice followed by interstitial fibrosis and chronic renal impairment. Co-activations of Smad3 and JNK signaling occur in both tubular epithelial cells and myofibroblasts in areas of tubulointerstitial damage and fibrosis in both murine FA-induced nephropathy and human IgA nephropathy. Groups of mice were treated with a Smad3 inhibitor (SIS3), a JNK inhibitor (SP600125), or a combination from day 6 after FA administration until being killed on day 28. Each drug efficiently inhibited its specific target (Smad3 phosphorylation or c-Jun phosphorylation) without affecting the other pathway. Given alone, each drug partially reduced renal fibrosis, whereas the combination therapy gave an additive and profound protection from renal fibrosis and improved renal function. Inhibition of Smad3 and/or JNK signaling activities prevented down-regulation of PGC-1α in tubular epithelial cells and up-regulation of PGC-1α in myofibroblasts during FA-induced renal fibrosis and inflammation. The expression of PGC-1α was upregulated in Smad3 -/- NRK52E cells while downregulated in Smad3 -/- NRK49F cells, suggesting that Smad3 signaling may regulate expression of PGC-1α in renal tubular epithelial cells and fibroblasts in distinct fashion. In vivo and cell culture studies also indicate that Smad3 and JNK signaling cooperate to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and cell damage in tubular epithelial cells via direct actions on the transcription of PGC-1α. These pathways also act cooperatively to promote renal fibroblast proliferation in tempo-spatial fashion. In conclusion, we have identified a potential combination therapy for progressive renal fibrosis which operates, in part, through modifying mitochondrial function.

TAF5L and TAF6L Maintain Self-Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via the MYC Regulatory Network.

Self-renewal and pluripotency of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) state are established and maintained by multiple regulatory networks that comprise transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. While much has been learned regarding transcription factors, the function of epigenetic regulators in these networks is less well defined. We conducted a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated loss-of-function genetic screen that identified two epigenetic regulators, TAF5L and TAF6L, components or co-activators of the GNAT-HAT complexes for the mouse ESC (mESC) state. Detailed molecular studies demonstrate that TAF5L/TAF6L transcriptionally activate c-Myc and Oct4 and their corresponding MYC and CORE regulatory networks. Besides, TAF5L/TAF6L predominantly regulate their target genes through H3K9ac deposition and c-MYC recruitment that eventually activate the MYC regulatory network for self-renewal of mESCs. Thus, our findings uncover a role of TAF5L/TAF6L in directing the MYC regulatory network that orchestrates gene expression programs to control self-renewal for the maintenance of mESC state.

Optimization of medium compositions to improve a novel glycoprotein production by Streptomyces kanasenisi ZX01.

Streptomyces kanasenisi ZX01 was found to produce a novel glycoprotein GP-1 previously, which was secreted into medium and had significant activity against tobacco mosaic virus. However, the low production of GP-1 by strain ZX01 limited its further studies. In order to improve the yield of GP-1, a series of statistical experimental design methods were applied to optimize medium of strain ZX01 in this work. Millet medium was chosen to be the optimal original medium for optimization. Soluble starch and yeast extract were identified as the optimal carbon and nitrogen source using one-factor-at-a-time method. Response surface methodology was used to optimize medium compositions (soluble starch, yeast extract and inorganic salts). A higher yield of GP-1 was 601.33 µg/L after optimization. The optimal compositions of medium were: soluble starch 13.61 g/L, yeast extract 4.19 g/L, NaCl 3.54 g/L, CaCO3 0.28 g/L, millet, 10 g/L. The yield of GP-1 in a 5 L fermentor using optimized medium was 2.54 mg/L, which is much higher than the result of shake flask. This work will be helpful for the improvement of GP-1 production on a large scale and lay a foundation for developing it to be a novel anti-plant virus agent.

The origin of renal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and the signals that trigger fibrosis.

Renal fibrosis is a common characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aberrant and excessive depositions of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in both glomeruli and interstitial regions are typical hallmarks of renal fibrosis and amplify the severity of kidney injury. To date, an approved therapy specifically targeted to renal fibrosis is needed to mitigate or even retard renal fibrosis. Recent findings have identified a unique population of myofibroblasts as a primary source of ECM in scar tissue formation. However, the origin of myofibroblasts in renal fibrosis remains the subject of controversial debates. The advancement in lineage tracing and immunofluorescent microscopy technologies have suggested that myofibroblasts may arise from a number of sources such as activated renal fibroblasts, pericytes, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), bone marrow derived cells and fibrocytes. Recent studies also indicate that multiple ligands of TGF-ß/Smads are the direct mediators for renal fibrosis. Consistently, inhibition of the TGF-ß/Smads signaling pathway using various strategies significantly reduce renal fibrotic lesions and ameliorate kidney injury, suggesting that targeting the TGF-ß/Smads signaling pathway could be a new strategy for effective therapies. In this review, we will briefly discuss the diverse origins of myofibroblasts and molecular pathways triggering renal fibrosis. Prospective therapeutic approaches based on those molecular mechanisms will hopefully offer exciting insights in the development of new therapeutic interventions for patients in the near future.

The Smad3/Smad4/CDK9 complex promotes renal fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)/Smad signaling has a central role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Smad3 and Smad4 are pro-fibrotic, while Smad2 is anti-fibrotic. However, these Smads form heterogeneous complexes, the functions of which are poorly understood. Here we studied Smad complex function in renal fibrosis using the mouse model of unilateral ureteric obstruction. Mice heterozygous for Smad3/4 (Smad3/4+/-) exhibited substantial protection from renal fibrosis through day 7 of obstruction, whereas Smad2/3+/- and Smad2/4+/- mice showed only modest protection. Formation of Smad3/Smad4/CDK9 complexes was an early event following obstruction in wild-type mice, which involved nuclear phosphorylation of the linker regions of Smad3. Significantly, Smad3 or Smad4 deficiency decreased the formation of Smad4/CDK9 or Smad3/CDK9 complex, Smad3 linker phosphorylation, and fibrosis but at different degrees. In vitro, TGF-ß1 stimulation of collagen I promoter activity involved formation of Smad3/Smad4/CDK9 complexes, and overexpression of each component gave additive increases in collagen promoter activity. Co-administration of a CDK9 inhibitor and Smad3-specific inhibition achieved better protection from TGF-ß1-induced fibrotic response in vitro and renal interstitial fibrosis in vivo. Thus formation of Smad3/Smad4/CDK9 complex drives renal fibrosis during ureteral obstruction. Formation of this complex represents a novel target for antifibrotic therapies.