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1.
BMC Plant Biol ; 22(1): 420, 2022 Sep 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36045357

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cold is a major abiotic stress and Huanglongbing and citrus canker disease are two devastating bacterial diseases for citrus. The Ca2+-CBL-CIPK network is known to regulate different types of stress signalling in plants. How do CBL-CIPK signalling networks function in response to cold and infection by CLas or Xcc in citrus? RESULTS: Eight calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and seventeen CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) were identified from the cold-tolerant satsuma mandarin 'Guijing2501' (Citrus. unshiu) and CLas/Xcc-sensitive sweet orange (C. sinensis). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both CBL and CIPK family members in citrus were classified into an ancient and a recent clade according to their conserved domain characteristics and/or intron/exon structures. Genome duplication analysis suggested that both tandem and segmental duplications contributed to the amplification of the CBL and CIPK gene families in citrus under intense purifying selection, and the duplication events only existed in the recent clades. Expression comparison of the duplicated gene pairs indicated that the duplicated CBL and CIPK genes underwent functional differentiation. Further expression analysis identified that CBL1, 5, 6, and 8 and CIPK2, 8, 12, 15, 16, and 17 were significantly regulated by multiple stresses, including cold, Xcc infection and/or CLas infection, in citrus, whereas CBL2/7 and CIPK1/4/5/11/13/14 were independently highly regulated by cold and CIPK3 was uniquely responsive to Xcc infection. The combination analyses of targeted Y2H assay and expression analysis revealed that CBL6-CIPK8 was the common signalling network in response to cold and Xcc infection, while CBL6/CBL8-CIPK14 was uniquely responsive to cold in citrus. Further stable transformation and cold tolerance assay indicated that overexpression of CuCIPK16 enhanced the cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis with higher POD activity and lower MDA content. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, evolution, gene expression and protein‒protein interaction analyses of citrus CBLs and CIPKs were comprehensively conducted over a genome-wide range. The results will facilitate future functional characterization of individual citrus CBLs and CIPKs under specific stresses and provide clues for the clarification of cold tolerance and disease susceptibility mechanisms in corresponding citrus cultivars.


Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins , Arabidopsis , Bacterial Infections , Citrus , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics , Citrus/genetics , Citrus/metabolism , Gene Expression , Phylogeny , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
2.
J Physiol Sci ; 71(1): 26, 2021 Aug 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34445952

ABSTRACT

Sweat is a noninvasive biological fluid on the surface of human skin and has attracted increasing attention as a diagnostic specimen for disease and biomarker detection. Sweat metabolite quantification is possible due to progress in sweat analysis techniques; nevertheless, the role of sweat monitoring in energy metabolism, physiological or pathological state assessment, health status assessment, and the development and outcome of metabolism-related diseases remains unclear. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on human sweat lactate concentration. The first, second, and third sections of this review present an introduction of sweat lactate, methods for the collection and storage of sweat lactate samples, and methods of detection and analysis of sweat lactate, respectively. The fourth section elaborates upon the current state of clinical application of sweat lactate monitoring and its prospects for health surveillance. The last section focuses on the challenges and future directions of this novel technology for detecting lactate in sweat.


Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Sweat , Humans , Lactic Acid , Skin , Sweating
3.
World J Gastroenterol ; 26(19): 2305-2322, 2020 May 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32476795

ABSTRACT

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with complicated treatment options that depend on pathological grading, clinical staging, and presence of symptoms related to hormonal secretion. With regard to diagnosis, remarkable advances have been made: Chromogranin A is recommended as a general marker for pNETs. But other new biomarker modalities, like circulating tumor cells, multiple transcript analysis, microRNA profile, and cytokines, should be clarified in future investigations before clinical application. Therefore, the currently available serum biomarkers are insufficient for diagnosis, but reasonably acceptable in evaluating the prognosis of and response to treatments during follow-up of pNETs. Surgical resection is still the only curative therapeutic option for localized pNETs. However, a debulking operation has also been proven to be effective for controlling the disease. As for drug therapy, steroids and somatostatin analogues are the first-line therapy for those with positive expression of somatostatin receptor, while everolimus and sunitinib represent important progress for the treatment of patients with advanced pNETs. Great progress has been achieved in the combination of systematic therapy with local control treatments. The optimal timing of local control intervention, planning of sequential therapies, and implementation of multidisciplinary care remain pending.


Subject(s)
Ablation Techniques/methods , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Biomarkers, Tumor/blood , Neuroendocrine Tumors/diagnosis , Pancreatectomy/methods , Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods , Combined Modality Therapy , Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures , Disease-Free Survival , Humans , Lymph Node Excision , Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods , Neoplasm Grading , Neoplasm Staging , Neuroendocrine Tumors/blood , Neuroendocrine Tumors/mortality , Neuroendocrine Tumors/therapy , Pancreas/pathology , Pancreas/surgery , Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood , Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality , Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy , Patient Care Team , Prognosis , Progression-Free Survival , Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives , Somatostatin/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
4.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao ; 19(8): 1665-9, 2008 Aug.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18975739

ABSTRACT

The study on the effects of foliar spraying 20 mmol x L(-1) of CaCl2, Ca (NO3)2 and CaAc2 on the freezing resistance of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Guoqing No. 1) showed that after treated with these Ca salts, the leaves of test plant had a lower half lethal temperature (LT50) than the control (sprayed with distilled water). The LT50 after treated with CaCl2 was 0.54 degrees C lower, whereas that after treated with CaAc2 and Ca (NO3)2 was 1.34 degrees C and 1.35 degrees C lower, respectively, implying that the latter two Ca salts were more effective in enhancing the freezing resistance of satsuma mandarin. Moreover, foliar spraying Ca salts increased the superoxidase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and the contents of soluble proteins, soluble sugars and praline in leaves, and decreased the leaf MDA content.


Subject(s)
Calcium/pharmacology , Citrus/physiology , Cold Temperature , China , Citrus/metabolism , Peroxidase/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
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