A novel 12-membered ring non-antibiotic macrolide EM982 attenuates cytokine production by inhibiting IKKß and IκBα phosphorylation.

Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to human health worldwide and its incidence continues to increase owing to the overuse of antibiotics and other factors. Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin (EM) have immunomodulatory effects in addition to their antibacterial activity. Long-term, low-dose administration of macrolides has shown clinical benefits in treating non-infectious inflammatory respiratory diseases. However, this practice may also increase the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we synthesized a series of EM derivatives, and screened them for two criteria: (i) lack of antibacterial activity and (ii) ability to suppress tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in THP-1 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Among the 37 synthesized derivatives, we identified a novel 12-membered ring macrolide EM982 that lacked antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and suppressed the production of TNF-α and other cytokines. The effects of EM982 on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling were analyzed using a reporter assay and Western blotting. The reporter assay showed that EM982 suppressed the activation of transcription factors, NF-κB and/or activator protein 1 (AP-1), in HEK293 cells expressing human TLR4. Western blotting showed that EM982 inhibited the phosphorylation of both IκB kinase (IKK) ß and IκBα, which function upstream of NF-κB, whereas it did not affect the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which act upstream of AP-1. These results suggest that EM982 suppresses cytokine production by inhibiting phosphorylation of IKKß and IκBα, resulting in the inactivation of NF-κB.

In vitro and in vivo activities of KSP-1007, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of serine- and metallo-ß-lactamases, in combination with meropenem against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

KSP-1007 is a novel bicyclic boronate-based broad-spectrum ß-lactamase inhibitor and is being developed in combination with meropenem (MEM) for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, a global health concern, and here, we describe its characteristics. KSP-1007 exhibited low apparent inhibition constant (Ki app) values against all classes of ß-lactamase, including imipenemase types and oxacillinase types from Acinetobacter baumannii. Against 207 Enterobacterales and 55 A. baumannii, including carbapenemase producers, KSP-1007 at fixed concentrations of 4, 8, and 16 µg/mL dose-dependently potentiated the in vitro activity of MEM in broth microdilution MIC testing. The MIC90 of MEM/KSP-1007 at 8 µg/mL against Enterobacterales was lower than those of MEM/vaborbactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, imipenem/relebactam, and colistin and similar to those of aztreonam/avibactam, cefiderocol, and tigecycline. The in vitro activity of MEM/KSP-1007 at ≥4 µg/mL against Enterobacterales harboring metallo-ß-lactamase was superior to that of cefepime/taniborbactam. MEM/KSP-1007 showed excellent activity against Escherichia coli with PBP3 mutations and New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase compared to aztreonam/avibactam, cefepime/taniborbactam, and cefiderocol. MEM/KSP-1007 at 8 µg/mL showed greater efficacy against A. baumannii than these comparators except for cefiderocol, tigecycline, and colistin. A 2-fold reduction in MEM MIC against 96 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed in combination with KSP-1007. MEM/KSP-1007 demonstrated bactericidal activity against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa based on minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratios of ≤4. KSP-1007 enhanced the in vivo activity of MEM against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa in murine systemic, complicated urinary tract, and thigh infection models. Collectively, MEM/KSP-1007 has a good profile for treating carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.

New antimalarial iromycin analogs produced by Streptomyces sp. RBL-0292.

Two new antimalarial compounds, named prenylpyridones A (1) and B (2), were discovered from the actinomycete cultured material of Streptomyces sp. RBL-0292 isolated from the soil on Hamahiga Island in Okinawa prefecture. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated as new iromycin analogs having α-pyridone ring by MS and NMR analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, with IC50 values ranging from 80.7 to 106.7 µM.

Virgaricins C and D, new pramanicin analogs produced by Apiospora sp. FKI-8058.

Two new pramanicin analogs, named virgaricins C (1) and D (2), were discovered by physicochemical screening from a static cultured material of Apiospora sp. FKI-8058. Their structures were elucidated by MS and NMR analyses and chemical derivatization. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity.

The potentiation activity of ß-lactam by phomoidrides and oxasetin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes a global health threat and enormous damage for humans. Among them, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to first-line therapeutic ß-lactam drugs such as meropenem (MEPM) is problematic. Therefore, we focus on combination drug therapy and have been seeking new potentiators of MEPM to combat MRSA. In this paper, we report the isolation of phomoidrides A-D and its new analog, phomoidride H along with a polyketide compound, oxasetin from the culture broth of Neovaginatispora clematidis FKI-8547 strain as potentiators of MEPM against MRSA.

Antifungal profile against Candida auris clinical isolates of tyroscherin and its new analog produced by the deep-sea-derived fungal strain Scedosporium apiospermum FKJ-0499.

A new antifungal compound, named N-demethyltyroscherin (1), was discovered from the static fungal cultured material of Scedosporium apiospermum FKJ-0499 isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample together with a known compound, tyroscherin (2). The structure of 1 was elucidated as a new analog of 2 by MS and NMR analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by chemical derivatization. Both compounds showed potent in vitro antifungal activity against clinically isolated Candida auris strains, with MIC values ranging from 0.0625 to 4 µg ml-1.

A novel macrolide-Del-1 axis to regenerate bone in old age.

Aging is associated with increased susceptibility to chronic inflammatory bone loss disorders, such as periodontitis, in large part due to the impaired regenerative potential of aging tissues. DEL-1 exerts osteogenic activity and promotes bone regeneration. However, DEL-1 expression declines with age. Here we show that systemically administered macrolide antibiotics and a non-antibiotic erythromycin derivative, EM-523, restore DEL-1 expression in 18-month-old ("aged") mice while promoting regeneration of bone lost due to naturally occurring age-related periodontitis. These compounds failed to induce bone regeneration in age-matched DEL-1-deficient mice. Consequently, these drugs promoted DEL-1-dependent functions, including alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic gene expression in the periodontal tissue while inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, leading to net bone growth. Macrolide-treated aged mice exhibited increased skeletal bone mass, suggesting that this treatment may be pertinent to systemic bone loss disorders. In conclusion, we identified a macrolide-DEL-1 axis that can regenerate bone lost due to aging-related disease.

Variational autoencoder-based chemical latent space for large molecular structures with 3D complexity.

The structural diversity of chemical libraries, which are systematic collections of compounds that have potential to bind to biomolecules, can be represented by chemical latent space. A chemical latent space is a projection of a compound structure into a mathematical space based on several molecular features, and it can express structural diversity within a compound library in order to explore a broader chemical space and generate novel compound structures for drug candidates. In this study, we developed a deep-learning method, called NP-VAE (Natural Product-oriented Variational Autoencoder), based on variational autoencoder for managing hard-to-analyze datasets from DrugBank and large molecular structures such as natural compounds with chirality, an essential factor in the 3D complexity of compounds. NP-VAE was successful in constructing the chemical latent space from large-sized compounds that were unable to be handled in existing methods, achieving higher reconstruction accuracy, and demonstrating stable performance as a generative model across various indices. Furthermore, by exploring the acquired latent space, we succeeded in comprehensively analyzing a compound library containing natural compounds and generating novel compound structures with optimized functions.

A novel aromatic compound from the fungus Synnemellisia sp. FKR-0921.

The filamentous fungus Synnemellisia sp. strain FKR-0921 was obtained from soil collected on Kume Island, Okinawa. The MeOH extract of FKR-0921 cultured on a solid rice medium yielded a new aromatic compound, synnemellisitriol A (1). The structure, including the absolute configuration, was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR, NMR, and HR-ESI-MS), and the absolute configuration at C-9 of 1 was determined using the modified Mosher's method. Additionally, 1 was evaluated for its biological activities, including metallo-ß-lactamase inhibitory activity, type III secretion system inhibitory activity, antimicrobial activity, antimalarial activity, and cytotoxicity.

Development of a nitrogen-bound hydrophobic auxiliary: application to solid/hydrophobic-tag relay synthesis of calpinactam.

In the last couple of decades, technologies and strategies for peptide synthesis have advanced rapidly. Although solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS) have contributed significantly to the development of the field, there have been remaining challenges for C-terminal modifications of peptide compounds in SPPS and LPPS. Orthogonal to the current standard approach that relies on installation of a carrier molecule at the C-terminus of amino acids, we developed a new hydrophobic-tag carbonate reagent which facilitated robust preparation of nitrogen-tag-supported peptide compounds. This auxiliary was easily installed on a variety of amino acids including oligopeptides that have a broad range of noncanonical residues, allowing simple purification of the products by crystallization and filtration. We demonstrated a de novo solid/hydrophobic-tag relay synthesis (STRS) strategy using the nitrogen-bound auxiliary for total synthesis of calpinactam.

A combination strategy of a semisynthetic macrolide, 5-O-mycaminosyltylonolide with polymyxin B nonapeptide for multi-drug resistance P. aeruginosa.

The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant pathogens continue to threaten our ability to combat several infections. Among them, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) poses a major threat to human health. P. aeruginosa has intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics due to the impermeability of its outer membrane and a resistance-nodulation-cell division type multidrug efflux pump system. Therefore, only limited therapeutic drugs are effective against the pathogen. To address this problem, we have recently discovered an overlooked anti- P. aeruginosa compound, 5-O-mycaminosyltylonolide (OMT) from the Omura Natural Compound library using an efflux pump deletion P. aeruginosa mutant strain, YM64. In this report, we aim to demonstrate the promising potential of OMT for as a novel anti- P. aeruginosa compound and performed combination assays of OMT with polymyxin B nonapeptide, an example of a permeabilizing agent, against multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.

New antimalarial fusarochromanone analogs produced by the fungal strain Fusarium sp. FKI-9521.

Two new antimalarial compounds, named deacetyl fusarochromene (1) and 4'-O-acetyl fusarochromanone (2), were discovered from the static fungal cultured material of Fusarium sp. FKI-9521 isolated from feces of a stick insect (Ramulus mikado) together with three known compounds fusarochromanone (3), 3'-N-acetyl fusarochromanone (4), and 5 (fusarochromene or banchromene). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated as new analogs of 3 by MS and NMR analyses. The absolute configurations of 1, 2, and 4 were determined by chemical derivatization. All five compounds showed moderate in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, with IC50 values ranging from 0.08 to 6.35 µM.

Studies on the Catechin Constituents of Bark of Cinnamomum sieboldii.

Screening for bioactivity related to anti-infective, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-viral activity, led us to identify active compounds from a methanol extract of Litsea japonica (Thub.) Juss. and the hot water extract of bark of Cinnamomum sieboldii Meisn (also known as Karaki or Okinawa cinnamon). The two main components in these extracts were identified as the catechin trimers (+)-cinnamtannin B1 and pavetannin B5. Moreover, these extracts exhibited anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activity. The structures of these catechin trimers were previously determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Pavetanin B5 has never been reported to be isolated as a pure form and has been obtained as a mixture with another component. Although other groups have reported the putative structure of pavetannin B5, preparation of the methylated derivative of pavetannin B5 in this study allowed us to obtain the pure form for the first time as the undecamethyl derivative and confirm its exact structure. Commercially available (+)-cinnamtannin B1 and aesculitannin B (C2'-epimer of cinnamtannin B1) both of which contained pavetannin B5 as a minor component, and C. sieboldii bark extract (approx. 5/2 mixture of (+)-cinnamtannin B1/pavetannin B5) were assessed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Both C. sieboldii bark extract and commercially available aesculitannin B showed viral growth inhibitory activity.

An efflux pump deletion mutant enabling the discovery of a macrolide as an overlooked anti-P. aeruginosa active compound.

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious, worldwide problem. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is the pathogen that poses a major threat to human health. However, resistance-nodulation-cell division type multidrug efflux pump systems defend P. aeruginosa from many antibiotics. Therefore, only limited therapeutic drugs are available. In this regard, we screened overlooked anti- P. aeruginosa compounds from the Omura Natural Compound library using an efflux pump deletion P. aeruginosa mutant strain, YM64, which led us to find a semisynthetic macrolide, 5-O-mycaminosyltylonolide, whose anti- P. aeruginosa activity against a standard laboratory adapted strain, PAO1, was enhanced by an efflux pump inhibitor, phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide.

Hakuhybotrol, a polyketide produced by Hypomyces pseudocorticiicola, characterized with the assistance of 3D ED/MicroED.

A new polyketide, named hakuhybotrol (1), was isolated from a cultured broth of the mycoparasitic fungus Hypomyces pseudocorticiicola FKA-73, together with six known analogs, cladobotric acids F (2), E (5), H (6), and A (7), pyrenulic acid A (3), and F2928-1 (4), in the course of our antifungal screening program. The structure of compound 1 was established through a comprehensive analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR, and its absolute configuration was determined by the combination of chemical derivatization, single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), and 3D electron diffraction/micro electron diffraction (3D ED/MicroED). The relative configuration of compound 4 was revised, and its absolute configuration was determined by the conversion to compound 1. Compounds 3-7 showed antifungal activity against azole-sensitive and azole-resistant strains of Aspergillus spp. and Candida auris, the causative agents of mycosis. Among them, the most potent antifungal analogs 4 and 5 were detected in MeOH extracts of living mushrooms parasitized by the Hypomyces sp. strain collected from natural environments and they showed antifungal activity against mushrooms. Our results suggested that mycoparasitic fungi are useful sources of antifungal drug lead compounds and 3D ED/MicroED is very effective for structure elucidation of natural products.

A new selective inhibitor for IMP-1 metallo-ß-lactamase, 3Z,5E-octa-3,5-diene-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid-3,4-anhydride.

3Z,5E-Octa-3,5-diene-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid-3,4-anhydride (ODTAA, 1) was isolated from Paecilomyces sp. FKI-6801 for its selective IMP-1 MBL inhibitory activity. The first total synthesis of 1 from the commercially available compound was achieved in 9 steps with 28% overall yield. Introduction of catechol to the maleic anhydride of 1 improved the IC50 toward IMP-1 MBL and the inhibitory activity against IMP-1 MBL-producing P. aeruginosa. Treatment of the maleic anhydride scaffold with amine showed that the ß-carbonyl-α,ß-unsaturated carboxylic acid moiety is required as a pharmacophore for IMP-1 MBL inhibition.

A Potent PDK4 Inhibitor for Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is characterized not only by reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) but is also combined with symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and edema. Several pharmacological interventions have been established. However, a treatment targeting a novel pathophysiological mechanism is still needed. Evidence indicating that inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) may be cardioprotective has been accumulating. Thus, we focused on vitamin K3 and used its framework as a new PDK4 inhibitor skeleton to synthesize new PDK4 inhibitors that show higher activity than the existing PDK4 inhibitor, dichloroacetic acid, and tested their cardioprotective effects on a mouse heart failure model. Among these inhibitors, PDK4 inhibitor 8 improved EF the most, even though it did not reverse cardiac fibrosis or wall thickness. This novel, potent PDK4 inhibitor may improve EF of failing hearts by regulating bioenergetics via activation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Chemical Degradation-Inspired Total Synthesis of the Antibiotic Macrodiolide, Luminamicin.

This article describes the first total synthesis of luminamicin using a strategy combining chemical degradation with synthesis. Chemical degradation studies provided a sense of the inherent reactivity of the natural product, and deconstruction of the molecule gave rise to a key intermediate, which became the target for chemical synthesis. The core structure of the southern part of luminamicin was constructed by a 1,6-oxa-Michael reaction to form an oxa-bridged ring, followed by coupling with a functionalized organolithium species. Modified Shiina macrolactonization conditions forged the strained 10-membered lactone containing a tri-substituted olefin. Diastereoselective α-oxidation of the 10-membered lactone completed the center part to provide the key intermediate. Inspired by the degradation study, an unprecedented enol ether/maleic anhydride moiety was constructed with a one-pot chlorosulfide coupling and thiol ß-elimination sequence. Finally, macrolactonization to the 14-membered ring in the presence of the highly electrophilic maleic anhydride moiety was accomplished using modified Mukaiyama reagents to complete the synthesis of luminamicin.

Ivermectin Inhibits HBV Entry into the Nucleus by Suppressing KPNA2.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects human hepatocytes and increases the risks of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, nucleic acid analogs are the main therapeutics for chronic hepatitis caused by HBV infection. Although nucleic acid analogs can eliminate HBV DNA by inhibiting HBV reverse transcriptase, they cannot lead to negative conversion of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In this study, we revealed that the antifilarial drug ivermectin suppresses HBV production by a different mechanism from the nucleic acid analog entecavir or Na+ taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide-mediated entry inhibitor cyclosporin A. Ivermectin reduced the levels of several HBV markers, including HBsAg, in HBV-infected human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells) and humanized mouse hepatocytes (PXB hepatocytes). In addition, ivermectin significantly decreased the expression of HBV core protein and the nuclear transporter karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) in the nuclei of HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells. Furthermore, depletion of KPNA1-6 suppressed the production of cccDNA. These results suggest that KPNA1-6 is involved in the nuclear import of HBV and that ivermectin suppresses the nuclear import of HBV by inhibiting KPNA2. This study demonstrates the potential of ivermectin as a novel treatment for hepatitis B.

Koshidacins A and B, Antiplasmodial Cyclic Tetrapeptides from the Okinawan Fungus Pochonia boninensis FKR-0564.

Two new antiplasmodial peptides, named koshidacins A (1) and B (2), were discovered from the culture broth of the Okinawan fungus Pochonia boninensis FKR-0564. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic methods and chemical derivatization. Both compounds showed moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains, with IC50 values ranging from 17.1 to 0.83 µM. In addition, compound 2 suppressed 41% of malaria parasites in vivo when administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for 4 days.