Classification of Sialolithiasis by Location of Stones: Retrospective Review of 534 Cases / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate epidemiological features of patients with sialolithiasis and to evaluate the difference in outcomes depending on its location. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We included in the test 472 patients, or 534 cases, who were admitted to the Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital between February 2006 and May 2017 with the diagnosis of sialolithiasis. The diagnosis of sialolithiasis was established by CT images; all of the cases were classified by the location of stones (orifice to stone/orifice to hilum: 0–0.25, type I; 0.25–0.5, type II; 0.5–0.75, type III; 0.75–1, type IV). RESULTS: The average size of stone was 7.2±4.8 mm and the mean patient age was 36.1±17.4 years old. According to the method described above, 534 cases were classified into the following: type I consisted of 188 cases (35.2%), type II consisted of 55 cases (10.2%), type III consisted of 92 cases (17.2%) and type IV consisted of 199 (37.2%). When comparing these types, stones in Type I were significantly smaller than other groups. There was a significant difference in the surgical method depending on the location of stones. Different complications such as swelling, bleeding, tongue discomfort, ranula, recurrence, etc. have been reported and, together, they statistically show meaningful differences in the distribution depending on types. CONCLUSION: The position of stone in Wharton's duct is important factor that can determine the method of surgical procedure or postoperative prognosis. We recommend 4 types classification of sialolithiasis and it can provide more specific diagnosis of disease and facilitate approach for treatment.

Classification of Sialolithiasis by Location of Stones: Retrospective Review of 534 Cases / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#To investigate epidemiological features of patients with sialolithiasis and to evaluate the difference in outcomes depending on its location.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We included in the test 472 patients, or 534 cases, who were admitted to the Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital between February 2006 and May 2017 with the diagnosis of sialolithiasis. The diagnosis of sialolithiasis was established by CT images; all of the cases were classified by the location of stones (orifice to stone/orifice to hilum: 0–0.25, type I; 0.25–0.5, type II; 0.5–0.75, type III; 0.75–1, type IV).@*RESULTS@#The average size of stone was 7.2±4.8 mm and the mean patient age was 36.1±17.4 years old. According to the method described above, 534 cases were classified into the following: type I consisted of 188 cases (35.2%), type II consisted of 55 cases (10.2%), type III consisted of 92 cases (17.2%) and type IV consisted of 199 (37.2%). When comparing these types, stones in Type I were significantly smaller than other groups. There was a significant difference in the surgical method depending on the location of stones. Different complications such as swelling, bleeding, tongue discomfort, ranula, recurrence, etc. have been reported and, together, they statistically show meaningful differences in the distribution depending on types.@*CONCLUSION@#The position of stone in Wharton's duct is important factor that can determine the method of surgical procedure or postoperative prognosis. We recommend 4 types classification of sialolithiasis and it can provide more specific diagnosis of disease and facilitate approach for treatment.

Effects of Lifetime Occupational Pesticide Exposure on Postural Control Among Farmworkers and Non-Farmworkers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess potential chronic effects of pesticide exposure on postural control, by examining postural balance of farmworkers and non-farmworkers diverse self-reported lifetime exposures. METHODS: Balance was assessed during quiet upright stance under four experimental conditions (2 visual × 2 cognitive difficulty). RESULTS: Significant differences in baseline balance performance (eyes open without cognitive task) between occupational groups were apparent in postural sway complexity. When adding a cognitive task to the eyes open condition, the influence of lifetime exposure on complexity ratios appeared different between occupational groups. Removing visual information revealed a negative association of lifetime exposure with complexity ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Farmworkers and non-farmworkers may use different postural control strategies even when controlling for the level of lifetime pesticide exposure. Long-term exposure can affect somatosensory/vestibular sensory systems and the central processing of sensory information for postural control.