Ancillary findings during public health research: a researcher's ethical dilemma.

Sometimes researchers investigating one matter come across other issues in the course of their work. Such findings, not directly related to the subject of research, are called ancillary findings. Researchers encountering ancillary findings may face ethical dilemmas on how to act upon these findings.

Gender differences and barriers women face in relation to accessing type 2 diabetes care: A systematic review.

The objectives of this systematic review were to find out whether gender differences exist in the domain of access to type 2 diabetes care and to identify the barriers faced by women in accessing type 2 diabetes care. A PubMed search was conducted for English articles published between January 01, 2005, and April 30, 2017, that looked into the above-mentioned topics. The search showed 219 articles, which were scrutinized and 21 articles were chosen for final review. Five articles dealt with gender differences, 14 articles dealt with barriers faced by women in accessing type 2 diabetes care and two articles dealt with both aspects. To accomplish the first objective, major areas studied by articles dealing with gender differences in accessing type 2 diabetes care were identified. In each of those areas, articles which reported gender differences were noted. Six out of these seven articles which dealt with gender differences (87%) reported that gender differences were present in the areas of type 2 diabetes care they studied. These articles also reported that women faced more difficulty in accessing type 2 diabetes care. To accomplish the second objective, data from articles dealing with barriers faced by women in accessing type 2 diabetes care were carefully analyzed and potential themes and theme categories were identified. Results showed that women faced personal, sociocultural, health system, economic, psychological, and geographical barriers in accessing type 2 diabetes care. Since this systematic review could identify only limited studies, evidence from more studies would help to confirm and generalize our findings.

Comparison of glycated hemoglobin levels in individuals without diabetes and with and without periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND: Only a few studies have examined the association between periodontitis and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in individuals without diabetes. The aim of this study is to compare HbA1c levels in individuals without diabetes and with and without periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. METHODS: This comparative study was done on individuals without diabetes who were 35 to 65 years old. Group A consisted of 30 individuals without periodontitis, and group B consisted of 30 individuals with periodontitis. Body mass indices and clinical parameters, including oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) score, gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and HbA1c level, of all participants were recorded. All participants received non-surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing). After 3 months, all participants were reexamined, and clinical parameters and HbA1c levels were evaluated and compared to baseline values. RESULTS: There were significant differences between group A and group B in regard to baseline OHI-S, GI, PD, and HbA1c (P <0.05). There was no clinical attachment loss in group A, either at baseline or after 3 months. At the end of 3 months, group B showed improvement in all clinical parameters (P <0.05) and their HbA1c levels also significantly decreased (P <0.05), although the values never reached those of group A. CONCLUSION: The HbA1c levels of individuals without diabetes and with periodontitis (group B) were significantly reduced 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy, although they never reached the same levels as those of the individuals without diabetes or periodontitis (group A).

Management of peri-implantitis.

Peri-implantitis is a site-specific infectious disease that causes an inflammatory process in soft tissues, and bone loss around an osseointegrated implant in function. The etiology of the implant infection is conditioned by the status of the tissue surrounding the implant, implant design, degree of roughness, external morphology, and excessive mechanical load. The microorganisms most commonly associated with implant failure are spirochetes and mobile forms of Gram-negative anaerobes, unless the origin is the result of simple mechanical overload. Diagnosis is based on changes of color in the gingiva, bleeding and probing depth of peri-implant pockets, suppuration, X-ray, and gradual loss of bone height around the tooth. Treatment will differ depending upon whether it is a case of peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis. The management of implant infection should be focused on the control of infection, the detoxification of the implant surface, and regeneration of the alveolar bone. This review article deals with the various treatment options in the management of peri-implantitis. The article also gives a brief description of the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of peri-implantitis.