Ecosystem remodelling among vertebrates at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Russia.

The mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary, 251 million years (Myr) ago, is accepted as the most profound loss of life on record. Global data compilations indicate a loss of 50% of families or more, both in the sea and on land, and these figures scale to a loss of 80-96% of species, based on rarefaction analyses. This level of loss is confirmed by local and regional-scale studies of marine sections, but the terrestrial record has been harder to analyse in such close detail. Here we document the nature of the event in Russia in a comprehensive survey of 675 specimens of amphibians and reptiles from 289 localities spanning 13 successive geological time zones in the South Urals basin. These changes in diversity and turnover cannot be explained simply by sampling effects. There was a profound loss of genera and families, and simplification of ecosystems, with the loss of small fish-eaters and insect-eaters, medium and large herbivores and large carnivores. Faunal dynamics also changed, from high rates of turnover through the Late Permian period to greater stability at low diversity through the Early Triassic period. Even after 15 Myr of ecosystem rebuilding, some guilds were apparently still absent-small fish-eaters, small insect-eaters, large herbivores and top carnivores.

[Early diagnosis and intensive care of acute postoperative pancreatitis]. / Ranniaia diagnostika i intensivnaia terapiia ostrogo posleoperatsionnogo pankreatita.

Diagnostic algorithm developed on the basis of multifactorial regression analysis is suggested for more objective diagnosis of acute pancreatitis after operations on the hepatopancreatoduodenal organs. This algorithm helps differentiate the strategy of intensive care in patients with pancreatitis, pancreatic disease, and uneventful postoperative period. It is impossible to single out the specific (pathognomonic) clinical signs of this complication during the immediate postoperative period. Hyperamylasemia and changes in other enzymes are important but not absolute markers of unfavorable course of disease.

[Prognostication and prevention of acute postoperative pancreatitis]. / Prognozirovanie i profilaktika ostrogo posleoperatsionnogo pankreatita.

Equations for accurate prediction of the course of postoperative pancreatitis are developed by multifactorial regression analysis for purposeful prevention of this condition. An injury to the pancreas and the "readiness" of hepatoduodenal organs to a degenerative destructive process are significant for the development of pancreatitis. A differentiated strategy is developed for preventing this complication during the post- and intraoperative period by protease inhibitors, cytostatics, and other nonspecific methods.