Chronic postnatal chemogenetic activation of forebrain excitatory neurons evokes persistent changes in mood behavior.

Early adversity is a risk factor for the development of adult psychopathology. Common across multiple rodent models of early adversity is increased signaling via forebrain Gq-coupled neurotransmitter receptors. We addressed whether enhanced Gq-mediated signaling in forebrain excitatory neurons during postnatal life can evoke persistent mood-related behavioral changes. Excitatory hM3Dq DREADD-mediated chemogenetic activation of forebrain excitatory neurons during postnatal life (P2-14), but not in juvenile or adult windows, increased anxiety-, despair-, and schizophrenia-like behavior in adulthood. This was accompanied by an enhanced metabolic rate of cortical and hippocampal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, we observed reduced activity and plasticity-associated marker expression, and perturbed excitatory/inhibitory currents in the hippocampus. These results indicate that Gq-signaling-mediated activation of forebrain excitatory neurons during the critical postnatal window is sufficient to program altered mood-related behavior, as well as functional changes in forebrain glutamate and GABA systems, recapitulating aspects of the consequences of early adversity.

Stress and adversity in early childhood can have long-lasting effects, predisposing people to mental illness and mood disorders in adult life. The weeks immediately before and after birth are critical for establishing key networks of neurons in the brain. Therefore, any disruption to these neural circuits during this time can be detrimental to emotional development. However, it is still unclear which cellular mechanisms cause these lasting changes in behavior. Studies in animals suggest that these long-term effects could result from abnormalities in a few signaling pathways in the brain. For example, it has been proposed that overstimulating the cells that activate circuits in the forebrain ­ also known as excitatory neurons ­ may contribute to the behavioral changes that persist into adulthood. To test this theory, Pati et al. used genetic engineering to modulate a signaling pathway in male mice, which is known to stimulate excitatory neurons in the forebrain. The experiments showed that prolonged activation of excitatory neurons in the first two weeks after birth resulted in anxious and despair-like behaviors as the animals aged. The mice also displayed discrepancies in how they responded to certain external sensory information, which is a hallmark of schizophrenia-like behavior. However, engineering the same changes in adolescent and adult mice had no effect on their mood-related behaviors. This animal study reinforces just how critical the first few weeks of life are for optimal brain development. It provides an insight into a possible mechanism of how disruption during this time could alter emotional behavior. The findings are also relevant to psychiatrists interested in the underlying causes of mental illness after early childhood adversity.

Nanostructured lipid carriers of artemether-lumefantrine combination for intravenous therapy of cerebral malaria.

Patients with cerebral malaria (CM) are unable to take oral medication due to impaired consciousness and vomiting thus necessitating parenteral therapy. Quinine, artemether, and artesunate which are currently used for parenteral malaria therapy have their own drawbacks. The World Health Organization (WHO) has now banned monotherapy and recommends artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria treatment. However, presently there is no intravenous formulation available for combination therapy of malaria. Artemether-Lumefantrine (ARM-LFN) is a WHO approved combination for oral malaria therapy. However, the low aqueous solubility of ARM and LFN hinders their intravenous delivery. The objective of this study was to formulate ARM-LFN nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for intravenous therapy of CM. ARM-LFN NLC were prepared by microemulsion template technique and characterized for size, drug content, entrapment efficiency, drug release, crystallinity, morphology, amenability to autoclaving, compatibility with infusion fluids, stability, antimalarial efficacy in mice, and toxicity in rats. The ARM-LFN NLC showed sustained drug release, amenability to autoclaving, compatibility with infusion fluids, good stability, complete parasite clearance and reversal of CM symptoms with 100% survival in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, and safety in rats. The biocompatible ARM-LFN NLC fabricated by an industrially feasible technique offer a promising solution for intravenous therapy of CM.

Artemether-lumefantrine nanostructured lipid carriers for oral malaria therapy: Enhanced efficacy at reduced dose and dosing frequency.

Artemether-lumefantrine (ARM-LFN) is a World Health Organization (WHO) approved fixed-dose combination having low solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were developed to enhance the oral efficacy of this combination using the microemulsion template technique. They were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, size distribution, in vitro release, antimalarial efficacy, and toxicity. The NLC showed sustained drug release. The recommended adult therapeutic dose is 80mg ARM and 480mg LFN (4 tablets) twice a day, which amounts to 160mg ARM and 960mg LFN daily. ARM-LFN NLC given once a day at 1/5 of therapeutic dose (16mg ARM and 96mg LFN) showed complete parasite clearance and 100% survival in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. 33% of the mice treated with marketed tablets twice a day at the therapeutic dose showed late-stage recrudescence. Thus, NLC showed enhanced efficacy at 1/10 of the daily dose of ARM-LFN. The 10-fold reduced daily dose was formulated in two soft gelatin capsules thus reducing the number of units to be taken at a time by the patient. The capsules showed good stability at room temperature for a year. The NLC were found to be safe in rats. The biocompatible NLC developed using an industrially feasible technique offer a promising solution for oral malaria therapy.

Evaluation of novel lipid based formulation of ß-Artemether and Lumefantrine in murine malaria model.

The present investigation aims at formulating lipid based drug delivery system of ß-Artemether and Lumefantrine and comparative pharmacological evaluation with innovator formulation. Commercial modified oil and indigenous natural fatty acids comprised the oily phase in developing lipidic formulation of ß-Artemether and Lumefantrine. The developed system was characterized for mean globule size, stability by freeze thaw cycles, and birefringence. Developed formulation and innovator formulation were compared for their in vivo anti-malarial activity at different dose levels in male Swiss mice, infected with lethal ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei. The percent parasitemia, activity against time and animal survival period were examined. On fourth day of antimalarial studies, at normal and ½ dose levels, formulations revealed zero percent parasitemia while control showed 33.92±6.00% parasitemia. At 1/10 dose level, developed and innovator formulations revealed zero percent parasitemia upto 11th day, however, three mice from innovator formulation demonstrated recrudescence after 12th day. Both the formulations at normal dose and ½ dose levels showed 100% activity and survival whereas at 1/10 dose level, innovator formulation showed, 62.5% survival. The developed lipidic system of ß-Artemether and Lumefantrine exhibited excellent antimalarial activity with 100% survival.

Self-microemulsifiyng suppository formulation of ß-artemether.

Parasitic diseases are of immense global significance as around 30% of world's population experiences parasitic infections. Among these, malaria is the most life-threatening disease. Various routes of administration have been explored for delivering antimalarial actives. The present investigation aims at formulating self-microemulsifying suppositories of ß-artemether with faster onset of action and prolonged effect to be administered by rectal route. These were compared with conventional polyethylene glycol suppositories with respect to melting range, rheology, texture analysis, disintegration time, self microemulsification time, particle size, and drug content. In vitro drug release was studied by using USP apparatus II. Further, the suppositories were evaluated in murine model against virulent rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei wherein the developed self-microemulsifying suppositories could sustain the activity (94%) for 20 days post infection. The survival of animals was also better as compared to the conventional formulation.