Dynamic of irisin secretion change after moderate-intensity chronic physical exercise on obese female.

OBJECTIVES: Exercise is one of the beneficial mediators for the regulation and prevention of obesity through the role of irisin, so it potentially enhances metabolism health. This study aims to investigate the dynamic of irisin secrecy change after chronic exercise in obese females. METHODS: Thirty-one female adolescents aged 20-22 years enrolled in the study and were given interventions aerobic, resistance, and a combination of aerobic and resistance training. The exercises were performed at moderate-intensity, for 35-40 min per session, and three times a week for four weeks. The measurement of irisin level, IGF-1 level, and bio-anthropometry was carried out before and after the four weeks of exercise. The bio-anthropometry measurement was carried out using seca mBCA 514, while the measurement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and irisin was completed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The obtained data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test with 5 % significance. RESULTS: Our results indicated higher dynamic of irisin and IGF-1 increases in the group with a combination of aerobic and resistance training exercises than the other two groups with a different exercise. Further, we also observed different dynamics of irisin and IGF-1 level increase (p<0.05). Besides, the irisin was also correlated with the IGF-1 and bio-anthropometric parameters (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of aerobic and resistance training exercises is considered as the alternative for enhancing the dynamic of irisin and IGF-1 increase. Thus, it can be used to prevent and regulate obesity.

Dynamic alteration of plasma levels of betatrophin in younger female onset obesity post acute moderate-intensity exercise training.

Obesity is a global metabolic disease anchored by a lack of physical activity lipid disturbances. Hitherto, betatrophin is a potential liver-derived hormone that regulates lipid metabolism. A total of 26 selected onset obese individuals (BMI range ± 28-31) were enrolled in this study and given moderate-intensity exercise. Importantly, our data show that acute moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE) and acute moderate-intensity continue to exercise (MICE) for 40 min significantly decrease the plasma level of full-length betatrophin respectively (174.18 ± 48.19 ng/mL; 182.31 ± 52.69 ng/mL), compared to the placebo (283.97 ± 32.23 ng/mL) post 10 min and 6 h exercise treatment (p ≤ 0.05). The plasma level of betatrophin was significantly and negatively correlated with BMI (r = - 0.412, p = 0.037), fasting blood glucose (r = - 0.390, p = 0.049), and positively correlated with VO2max (r = 0.456, p = 0.019). In addition, the linear and ordinal logistic regression analysis shows that betatrophin, is a potential predictor for BMI [estimate value = 0.995, p = 0.037 and OR (95 % CI) = 0.992 (0.0984-1.00), p = 0,048]. In summary, our data demonstrate that the circulating levels of betatrophin were decreased after acute moderate-intensity exercise training.

Physiological response of endurance exercise as a growth hormone mediator in adolescent women's.

OBJECTIVES: Overweight status decreases the growth hormone (GH) secretion, thus, increasing the risk factors for medical complications. However, proper exercise is reported to enhance GH and affect the energy balance. Therefore, exercise is proclaimed to be an accurate and engaging therapy to increase GH in preventing overweight. This study aims to investigate the physiological response of exercise in mediating the increase of GH secretion in female adolescents. METHODS: 22 overweight women aged 19-20 years old, with maximal oxygen consumption of 27-35 mL/kg/min, were selected as sample size. They were divided into three groups, namely (CONT, n=7) Control, (MIEE, n=7) Moderate-intensity interval endurance exercise, and (MCEE, n=8) Moderate-intensity continuous endurance exercise. The exercise was carried out by running for 30-35 min using treadmills with an intensity of 60-70% HRmax. The blood sampling for GH examination was carried out four times before exercise, 10 min, 6 h, and 24 h after exercise. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the GH and IGF-1 levels. The data analysis was carried out using a one-way ANOVA test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The results of the one-Way ANOVA test suggested a significantly different average GH and IGF-1 before and after the exercise between the three groups (CON, MIEE, and MCEE) (p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MCEE increases the GH and IGF-1 levels more considerably than MIEE. Therefore, exercise is a mediator to increase GH and IGF-1 secretion in overweight individuals. Exercise could be a viable therapy for overweight people.

Family with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in Indonesia.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by mucocutaneous pigmentation, gastrointestinal polyps and an increased risk of gastrointestinal and other cancers. We report an Indonesian woman, aged 28, with black spots on her lips who had multiple polyps extending from the stomach to the rectum. Her father and a son also had mucocutaneous lesions but they did not undergo gastrointestinal investigations. All three had mutations in the serine/threonine kinase 11 gene (STK11).

The early detection of type 1 diabetes mellitus and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) through rapid test reverse-flow immunochromatography for glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 kDa (GAD65).

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and costly disease that has become a primary concern worldwide. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is categorized as an autoimmune disease, which results in islet cell apoptosis and insulin-dependent. GAD65 is known as a potential marker of impaired pancreatic ß cell function that appears in the initial phase of type 1 DM and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). This study aimed to develop a novel rapid test of anti-GAD65 autoantibodies in human serum samples. METHODS: We have developed a rapid test for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies in this assay based on the reverse-flow immunochromatography method. Human recombinant-protein antigen for GAD65 was attached as the control line over the nitrocellulose membrane. On the other side, the goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was coated on the same membrane as a control line. The positive result for GAD65 was confirmed by a colloidal gold signal on the strip. Our novel assay analyzed 276 healthy subjects and 51 type 1 diabetes individuals serum samples from several ethnicities in Indonesia for this study. RESULTS: Among the 276 healthy samples, 225 samples were identified as positive for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies, while 51 samples were negative. Interestingly, the positive results for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies were linear to the decreasing of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and inversely associated with triglyceride levels. A significant correlation with age was observed in all groups. The sensitivity and specificity test proved that this kit has higher accuracy (AUC value = 0.960). CONCLUSION: The significant advantages of our rapid test for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies provide higher sensitivity, specificity, and stability compared to previous commercial kits. Therefore, it could be proposed as the future clinical diagnostic kit for patient management of type 1 DM.

Hierarchical Structure and Magnetic Behavior of Zn-Doped Magnetite Aqueous Ferrofluids Prepared from Natural Sand for Antibacterial Agents.

This study performs natural sand-based synthesis using the sonochemical route for preparing Zn-doped magnetite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were dispersed in water as a carrier liquid to form Zn-doped magnetite aqueous ferrofluids. Structural data analysis indicated that the Zn-doped magnetite nanoparticles formed a nanosized spinel structure. With an increase in the Zn content, the lattice parameters of the Zn-doped magnetite nanoparticles tended to increase because Zn2+ has a larger ionic radius than those of Fe3+ and Fe2+. The existence of Zn-O and Fe-O functional groups in tetrahedral and octahedral sites were observed in the wavenumber range of 400-700 cm-1. The primary particles of the Zn-doped magnetite ferrofluids tended to construct chain-like structures with fractal dimensions of 1.2-1.9. The gas-like compression (GMC) plays as a better model than the Langevin theory to fit the saturation magnetization of the ferrofluids. The ferrofluids exhibited a superparamagnetic character, with their magnetization was contributed by aggregation. The Zn-doped magnetite ferrofluids exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria. It is suggested that the presence of the negatively charged surface and the nanoparticle size may contribute to the high antibacterial activity of Zn-doped magnetite ferrofluids and making them potentially suitable for advanced biomedical.

Synthesis of magnetite/silica nanocomposites from natural sand to create a drug delivery vehicle.

In this study, we report the synthesis of the magnetite/silica nanocomposites and their structural and functional groups, magnetic properties, morphology, antimicrobial activity, and drug delivery performance. The X-ray diffraction characterization showed that magnetite formed a spinel phase and that silica formed an amorphous phase. The particle sizes of magnetite increased from 8.2 to 13.2 nm with increasing silica content, and the particles were observed to be superparamagnetic. The nanocomposites tended to agglomerate based on the scanning electron microscopy images. The antimicrobial activity of the magnetite/silica nanocomposites revealed that the increasing silica content increased the inhibition zones by 74%, 77%, and 143% in case of Gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli), and fungus (C. albicans), respectively. Furthermore, doxorubicin was used as the model compound in the drug loading and release study, and drug loading was directly proportional to the silica content. Thus, the increasing silica content increased the drug loading owing to the increasing number of OH- bonds in silica, resulting in strong bonds with doxorubicin. Based on this study, the magnetite/silica nanocomposites could be applied as drug delivery vehicles.

Synthesis of Fe3O4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids and their applications as antimicrobial and antifibrotic agents.

To date, the search for creating stable ferrofluids with excellent properties for biomedical application is one of the challenging scientific and practical investigations. In this study, novel Fe3O4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids from iron sand were synthesized using a double-layer method. The Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposites exhibited stable crystallite sizes of 11.8 12.1 nm and 36.8-37.2 nm for Fe3O4 and Ag, respectively. The lattice parameters of the spinel structure Fe3O4 and face-centered cubic Ag were respectively 8.344 Å and 4.091 Å. With increasing Ag amount, the crystallite phase of Ag in the nanocomposites increased from 40.2% to 77.2%. The XPS results confirmed that Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposites were successfully prepared, where Fe3O4 mixed well with Ag via strong ionic bonding. The FTIR results confirmed the presence of Fe3O4/Ag, oleic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide as the filler, first layer, and second layer, respectively. The as-prepared ferrofluids exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, where the saturation magnetization decreased with increasing Ag content. The Fe3O4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids exhibited excellent antimicrobial performance against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. More importantly, the Fe3O4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids decreased the progression of liver fibrosis-related inflammation and fibrogenic activity on hepatic stellate cells.

Increased serum levels of betatrophin in pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes.

Long-standing diabetes or glucose intolerance is recognized as a crucial event in the process of pancreatic cancer. Betatrophin, a novel liver-derived hormone, promotes ß-cell proliferation and improves glucose intolerance. However, the relationship between betatrophin and PDAC-associated diabetes is not fully understood. To evaluate the serum betatrophin levels in PDAC-associated diabetes, a total 105 Taiwanese subjects including 15 healthy subjects, and 12 patients having PDAC with normal glucose tolerance (PDAC-NGT), 12 patients having PC with impaired glucose tolerance (PDAC-IGT), and 66 patients having PC with diabetes mellitus (PDAC-DM) were enrolled for this study. Serum betatrophin and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared to healthy subjects, PDAC patients had higher levels of betatrophin and CA19-9. Consistently, betatrophin protein was significantly expressed in pancreatic ductal of PDAC-associated DM patients using immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed the betatrophin was significantly and positively independent with T category (ß= 0.605, P=0.010), serum albumin (ß= 0. 423, P=0.021), lipase (ß= 0.292, P=0.039), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (ß= 0.303, P=0.040). Further, the betatrophin was three folds of having PDAC-associated diabetes with the highest odds ratio [OR=3.39; 95% CI (1.20-9.57); P=0.021) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that AUC value of betarophin was 0.853 which is slightly larger than AUC value of CA19-9 (0.792) in PDAC-DM patients. Interestingly, AUC value of betarophin plus CA19-9 was 0.988 in PDAC-DM patients. Therefore, betatrophin combined CA19-9 may serve as a potential biomarker for PDAC-associated diabetes.

Higher serum betatrophin level in type 2 diabetes subjects is associated with urinary albumin excretion and renal function.

BACKGROUND: Betatrophin is a newly identified liver-derived hormone that is associated with glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Although dysregulated lipid metabolism results in diabetic nephropathy (DN) development in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is not understood whether betatrophin is associated with urinary albumin excretion and renal function. METHODS: Based on albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), 109 T2DM patients were divided into normoalbuminuria (ACR <30 mg/g), microalbuminuria (ACR between 30 and 300 mg/g), and macroalbuminuria (ACR > 300 mg/g). Serum betatrophin levels of 109 T2DM patients and 32 healthy subjects were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Serum level of betatrophin was significantly increased in T2DM patients with normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria as compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.001). Serum betatrophin level was positively correlated with sex, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index (BMI), ACR, and triglyceride, whereas it was inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed the betatrophin was significantly and positively independent with triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P < 0.05), whereas it was inversely independent with eGFR, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.05). In addition, the betatrophin had higher odds of having DN [odds ratio (OR) = 5.65, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.17-14.57, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Betatrophin is significantly increased in T2DM patients with different stages of albuminuria. Betatrophin may be a novel endocrine regulator involved in DN development.