Measles enteritis in infants and children.

The incidence, mortality and clinical features of measles enteritis were reported among 6484 infants and children admitted to the Pediatric Ward Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital Medan from 1st January 1987 until 31st December 1988. Of these 6484 children, 2685 suffered from gastroenteritis and 82 from measles. There were 31 cases of measles enteritis (1.2% of all gastroenteritis cases or 37.8% of measles cases). Most of measles enteritis cases (74.2%) were in the age group of 6-24 months and no case was found under six months old. The mortality of measles enteritis with bronchopneumonia and encephalitis was 25.0% while the mortality of measles enteritis with bronchopneumonia was 13.3%. There were no deaths in children just with measles enteritis alone. The overall mortality of measles enteritis with or without accompanying disease was 12.9%. The age specific death rate of measles enteritis was highest (23.1%) in the 13-24 month age group.

Intestinal parasitic infestation in pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.

A retrospective study had been done at the outpatient clinic sub division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Dr. Pirngcdi Hospital Medan, comprising patients from 1 January 1985-31 December 1987. There were 874 patients. Three hundred seventy eight (43.25%) patients consisting of 210 (55.56%) males and 168 (44.44%) females had intestinal parasitic infestations. The youngest patient was 5 months and the oldest was 14 years and 3 months. Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 215 patients (24.60%) while Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, Oxyuris vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, and Taenia were in 152 (17.39%), 13 (1.49%), 4 (0.46%), 15 (1.72%) and 4 (0.46%) cases respectively. Entamoeba histolytica was found in 121 (13.84%) and Giardia lamblia in 16 (1.83%) patients. The highest age specific attack rate was found in the age group of 5-10 years (65.67%). Ascaris lumbricoides was most frequently found namely in 100 children (26.46%), followed by Entameba histolytica in 73 (19.31%) and mixed infestation of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in 68 (17.99%) patients. One hundred seventy three (66.28%) under five patients with intestinal parasitic infestation had malnutrition while of the 433 under fives without intestinal parasitic infestation only 201 (46.42%) suffered from malnutrition (P less than 0.001).

Factors influencing the mortality of children with gastroenteritis at the Pediatric Ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan.

A retrospective study was done on infants and children hospitalized from January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1988 at the Pediatric Ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan. In this period a total of 3370 patients had been hospitalized and 1356 (40.24%) had gastroenteritis of whom 96 patients (7.08%) died. The causes of death as the complications were encephalopathy in 27 patients (28.12%), bronchopneumonia in 32 (33.33%), shock in 27 (28.12%), sepsis in 6 (6.25%) and acidosis in 4 (4.17%). Fifty one (53.12%) of those 96 patients who died were in the age group of under one year. The age specific mortality rate was highest in the age group of 1 month (14.28%). Of those 1356 patients with gastroenteritis 566 (41.74%) were well nourished of whom 8 patients died (1.42%); mildly malnourished in 532 patients of whom 36 (6.77%) died; and severely malnourished in 258 patients of whom 52 (20.16%) died. As far as the duration of illness was concerned 43 patients (12.73%) who died had a history of illness at home of 1 day. Beside the complications of the disease it seemed that the nutritional factors might have interfered with the mortality of patients with gastroenteritis.

Infantile diarrhea in the Pediatric Ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.

A retrospective study was done on infants with diarrhea who were hospitalized at the Pediatric ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan in a period of one year (January 1 to December 31, 1986). There were 3317 hospitalized patients and 1506 (45.40%) of them had diarrhea. Of these, 773 (51.32%) were in the age group of under 2 years. Thirty eight patients (4.91%) with infantile diarrhea died and prolonged diarrhea was found in 54 (6.98%) cases.

Spectrum of digestive tract diseases 1985-1987 at the Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital, Medan.

A retrospective study has been done on infants and children attending to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital in Medan, from 1985 through 1987. During the study there were 874 patients, 477 (54.58%) suffered from diarrhea, 209 (23.91%) had bloody stool, 20 (2.99%) jaundice, 57 (6.52%) abdominal pain, 48 (5.49%) abdominal distention, 30 (3.43%) vomiting, 13 (1.49%) constipation, and 20 (2.29%) others. Of all cases with diarrhoea, watery diarrhoea were found in only 319 (66.88%), diarrhoea with vomiting 84 (17.61%), and bloody diarrhoea 74 (15.51%). Stool examination in patients with diarrhoea revealed 144 (30.19%) cases with Candida albicans, while 16 (3.35%) of them with steatorrhoea. Of 63 patients with diarrhoea on which the clinitest had been performed, sugar intolerance were found in 30 (47.62%) cases.

Intussusception at the pediatric ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan.

A retrospective study had been conducted on hospitalized infants and children in the Pediatric ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan from January 1, 1987 through December 31, 1988. The purpose is to assess the incidence and clinical manifestations of intussusception. During the same period, there were 6484 infants and children hospitalized, 39 (0.6%) with intussusception, consisting of 23 (58.9%) males and (41.1%) females. Most of the cases (53.85%) were in age group of 4-6 months. Thirty four patients (87.12%) were wellnourished, and 5 patients (12.82%) undernourished. The major symptoms of intussusception were bloody diarrhoea (87.17%), vomiting (82.05%) and abdominal distention (66.41%). Successful reposition with barium enema occurred in 1 (20%) out of 5 patients. The major symptoms of intussusception were bloody diarrhoea (87.17%), vomiting. Surgical intervention was performed in 22 patients (56.41%). The result was as follows: discharged in good condition in 15 (68.18%) and deaths occurred in the remaining cases (7 cases = 31.82%). Of those 7 cases who died after operation, 2 cases were hospitalized in less than 2 days, 3 cases in less than 3 days and the remaining 2 cases in more than 3 days, after the symptoms developed.

Gastroenteritis in the pediatric ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan in 1983.

PIP: In 1983, 2869 infants and children were hospitalized in the pediatric ward of the Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Mecan. Of these, 1317 (46.2%) were gastroenteritis cases; 635 of these patients (48.2%) were those ages 0-1 year. The highest prevalence is found among this group. The months of July and August accounted for the majority of gastroenteritis cases, 15.6% in the 1st and 14.2% in the 2nd. This condition held true for all age groups. Mild, moderate, and severe dehydration were encountered in 4.3%, 35.7%, and 60.6% of the cases. The over 3 year olds had the highest number of severe dehydration cases; 76.5% of all patients in the same age group. Most of these cases occurred in July; 71.2% in that month. A significant inverse correlation between age and diarrhea duration was evident--the younger the age, the longer the duration of diarrhea (p0.01). Administration of oral electrolyte solution did not significantly alter the duration of diarrhea. The overall mortality rate was 13%. The highest age specific fatality rate was found among those ages 0-1 (20.3%). Mortality for those children older than 3 was 1.8%.^ieng

The knowledge of parents of children with diarrhea on oralit at the department of child health, Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital Medan.

PIP: Over the October 1-December 30, 1981 period, the parents of all inpatients and outpatients at the Department of Child Health, Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital Medan (Indonesia) were interviewed to assess their knowledge or oralit, an oral rehydration treatment. The interviewer asked the educational level of the parents, knowledge and use of oralit, source of information, where oralit was obtained, and whether or not oralit is kept at home. 285 parents were interviewed. 227 had knowledge of oralit, but only 153 had used it; 58 had never heard of it. The primary information source was doctors (63.9%); newspapers and magazines (1.8%) had a minor role. Dispensaries (86.9%) were the places where people obtained oralit easily. Only 74 (48.3%) of the users kept oralit at home; 41 sometimes had it available; and 38 (24.9%) never had it. The main reason (44.3%) why the parents of children with diarrhea never kept it at home was the easy availability of oralit. Of 128 patients who sought treatment from medical staff (doctors and nurses) before they came to the hospital to be treated as inpatients or outpatients, 49% of the doctors and 50% of the nurses did not give oralit beforehand. The promotion of oralit would be more successful if village leaders, teachers, youths, and women's organizations participated in the program.^ieng