ABSTRACT
We included six trials with 2524 participants. Capnography reduced hypoxaemic episodes, relative risk (95% CI) 0.71 (0.56-0.91), p = 0.02, but the quality of evidence was poor due to high risks of performance bias and detection bias and substantial statistical heterogeneity. The reduction in hypoxaemic episodes was statistically homogeneous in the subgroup of three trials of 1823 adults sedated for colonoscopy, relative risk (95% CI) 0.59 (0.48-0.73), p < 0.001, although the risks of performance and detection biases were high. There was no evidence that capnography affected other outcomes, including assisted ventilation, relative risk (95% CI) 0.58 (0.26-1.27), p = 0.17.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia/methods , Capnography/methods , Colonoscopy , Hypoxia/prevention & control , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , RiskABSTRACT
One hundred and fifty-nine adult patients undergoing elective colonoscopy in a major regional hospital were surveyed regarding their perceptions and expectations of sedation/anaesthesia for this procedure. The survey was undertaken on the day of the procedure, but before their assessment by the anaesthetist. Most of our patients expected to be completely unconscious and few understood that there was any chance of being aware during any part of their colonoscopy procedure. The perception (level of knowledge) of patients about their sedation/anaesthesia was highly variable, and was influenced both by having had a prior colonoscopy and by having had a discussion with an anaesthetist prior to the day of procedure. Of a range of potential adverse outcomes, procedural awareness generated the highest level of concern. However, those patients who recognised the potential for procedural awareness reported significantly less concern about this potential occurrence than patients who were unaware of the possibility. Our findings suggest that explicit discussion of the possibility of procedural awareness during colonoscopy should be considered by clinicians who administer sedation or anaesthesia for colonoscopy. Knowledge of this potential source of patient confusion and anxiety may enable clinicians to better target the pre-procedural discussion, in order to more appropriately inform patient expectations.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia , Colonoscopy/methods , Conscious Sedation , Health Care Surveys , Patients , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Colonoscopy/adverse effects , Colonoscopy/psychology , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Data Collection , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Informed Consent , Male , Middle Aged , New South Wales , Prospective Studies , Risk , Young AdultABSTRACT
A digital imaging system was developed for measuring various physical characteristics of individual nematodes and for comparing groups of nematodes. The equipment consists of a microscope, a video camera, a video digitizer, interactive displays, and a computer. Various physical and mathematical methods were incorporated, algorithms devised, and computer software written for image acquisition, editing, and analysis. To test the system, four populations of an isolate of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, subjected to 100% relative humidity at 22 C for 0, 12, 24, or 48 hours were compared. The results showed that the system can be used to measure physical parameters of individual nematodes and to differentiate groups of nematodes.
ABSTRACT
Numbers of Xiphinema bakeri increased during the first month of storage at temperatures 5-30 C in naturally-infested soil sealed in polyethylene bags. From 1 to 6 months, populations trended toward later developmental stages, and total numbers declined, especially at the higher temperatures. Similarly-packaged X. bakeri eggs, larvae and adults were killed by -18 C for 48 hr or -34 C for 12 hr.
