ABSTRACT
This essay explores the ethical debate that surrounds last year's case of conjoined ischiopagus tetrapus twins, Mary and Jodie. More precisely, it focuses on those arguments that involved double effect reasoning (DER). A classic model of DER is offered, followed by a summary of the opinions of theologians and philosophers in debating whether such reasoning could be used to justify the surgical separation of these babies. The purpose is to show the "give and take" of ethical discourse, how complex and demanding the application of DER often is, and how elusive finding a "right answer" can be.
Subject(s)
Ethical Analysis , Surgical Procedures, Operative/ethics , Twins, Conjoined/surgery , Double Effect Principle , Euthanasia, Passive/ethics , Female , Homicide/ethics , Humans , Infant , Philosophy , Surgical Procedures, Operative/legislation & jurisprudence , Theology , United KingdomABSTRACT
The study goal was to identify the main clusters of 16PF score profiles to be found in a mixed sample of students and adults. The 300 subjects represented, half male and half female, were subdivided into three equal subsamples. To demonstrate replicability, the three subsamples were cluster analyzed by three procedures: Nonhierarchical average linkage, minimum variance, and K-means. Four profile clusters were identified and replicated across two or three samples and for all three methods. The results were compared with those reported by other investigators.
Subject(s)
Personality Inventory , Adaptation, Psychological , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Neurotic Disorders/diagnosis , PsychometricsABSTRACT
Aims were to identify the profile types present in MMPI scale scores using Ward's hierarchical procedure and a nonhierarchical average linkage method. One data set consisted of the 35 code types developed by Gilberstadt-Duker and Marks-Seeman-Haller. Another data set consisted of Lanyon's group profiles of 210 diagnostic classes. These profiles were subdivided into odd-even samples of 105. Analysis of the 35 code types disclosed four clusters by either procedure: neurotics, depressed psychotics, excited psychotics, and sociopaths. Analysis of the two Lanyon subsamples uncovered several normal subgroups as well as the clusters found among the code types. These results indicate that a relatively small number of homogeneous subtypes can account for most code types and diagnostic group profiles.
ABSTRACT
A method of typological analysis was applied to computer-generated l 96-item "questionnaire" data for 100 cases, under a variety of conditions as to: a. response pattern differentiation in the data; b. similarity index used; c. criteria for the formation of clusters-types. 'Under each combination of conditions, analyses were carried out at both item-level and score-level (i.e., records reduced to 12 eight-item "scores"). The results showed a considerable advantage of score-level approach in the number, size, and replicability of clusters recovered.
Subject(s)
Concept Formation , Social Class , Black or African American , Age Factors , Child , Child Development , Cognition , Female , Genetics, Behavioral , Humans , Intelligence Tests , Male , Memory , Psychological Theory , Sex Factors , Teaching , White PeopleSubject(s)
Attitude , Authoritarianism , Politics , Social Values , Age Factors , Female , Humans , Judgment , Male , Psychometrics , Social Behavior , United StatesABSTRACT
The study sought to (a) identify the main response patterns elicited by six types of interpersonal stimuli, and (a) test the effect of varying the sex of the agent and the age of the respondent. A Schedule of Interpersonal Response (SIR) designed to reflect the six classes of stimuli and two to four possible response modes was constructed. A factor analysis of 70 homogeneous subtests yielded five interpretable factors. Samples of working adults, college students and high school students of both sexes were compared as to response pattern. Evidence of concurrent validity was found in scores on Stern's Activities Index.
Subject(s)
Depression , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Psychotic Disorders , Adult , Anxiety , Guilt , Hospitalization , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sleep Wake Disorders , SuicideSubject(s)
Behavior , Interpersonal Relations , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
The study sought to identify (a) the main interpersonal situation-dimen- sions that evoke interpersonal responses, and (b) the main manifest reaction modes. An inventory consisting of 4 blocks of stimuli and 4 blocks of responses was developed. Responses were obtained to each set of stimuli from 258 women and 253 men. The correlations among stimuli and among responses to the stimuli were factored separately by block for each sex. Three factors were isolated within each simulus sector of control, hostility, support, and help-seeking. Three o r four factors were isolated within each response block. Since the findings were consistent across sex, they provide a useful scheme for conceptualizing interpersonal behavior.
