ABSTRACT
Buckwheat sprouts are a popular food item in many countries. The effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on sprout growth and development, changes in mRNA transcription, and accumulation of phenylpropanoid compounds were studied in tartary buckwheat 'Hokkai T8' sprouts. The highest transcript levels were observed after 2 days of LED exposure for all genes, especially FtPAL and FtF3'H, which showed higher expression in sprouts grown under blue and white light than in those grown under red light. Catechin content in sprouts grown under red light increased dramatically throughout the 10 day time course. Maximum rutin content (43.37 mg/g dry weight (DW)) was observed in sprouts at 4 days after exposure (DAE) to blue light. Similarly, the highest cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside content (0.85 mg/g DW) was detected at 10 DAE to blue light. On the basis of these results, blue LED light is recommended as a light source for enhancing the content of phenolic compounds in tartary buckwheat sprouts.
Subject(s)
Fagopyrum/genetics , Fagopyrum/radiation effects , Flavonoids/biosynthesis , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects , Plant Proteins/genetics , Biosynthetic Pathways/radiation effects , Fagopyrum/growth & development , Fagopyrum/metabolism , Food, Organic/analysis , Light , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Seeds/genetics , Seeds/growth & development , Seeds/metabolism , Seeds/radiation effectsABSTRACT
Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) play an important role in the monomeric units biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin in several plants. The aim of this study was to clone ANR and LAR genes involved in PAs biosynthesis and examine the expression of these two genes in different organs under different growth conditions in two tartary buckwheat cultivars, Hokkai T8 and T10. Gene expression was carried out by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and catechin and epicatechin content was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The expression pattern of ANR and LAR did not match the accumulation pattern of PAs in different organs of two cultivars. Epicatechin content was the highest in the flowers of both cultivars and it was affected by light in only Hokkai T8 sprouts. ANR and LAR levels in tartary buckwheat might be regulated by different mechanisms for catechin and epicatechin biosynthesis under light and dark conditions.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/metabolism , Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics , Catechin/analysis , Fagopyrum/enzymology , NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics , Base Sequence , Catechin/biosynthesis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cloning, Molecular , Computational Biology , DNA, Complementary/genetics , Fagopyrum/chemistry , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Structure , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Red-flowered buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) is used in the production of tea, juice, and alcohols after the detoxification of fagopyrin. In order to investigate the metabolomics and regulatory of anthocyanin production in red-flowered (Gan-Chao) and white-flowered (Tanno) buckwheat cultivars, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were conducted. The transcriptions of FePAL, FeC4H, Fe4CL1, FeF3H, FeANS, and FeDFR increased gradually from flowering stage 1 and reached their highest peaks at flowering stage 3 in Gan-Chao flower. In total 44 metabolites, 18 amino acids, 15 organic acids, 7 sugars, 3 sugar alcohols, and 1 amine were detected in Gan-Chao flowers. Two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, were identified in Gan-Chao cultivar. The first component of the partial least-squares to latent structures-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that high amounts of phenolic, shikimic, and pyruvic acids were present in Gan-Chao. We suggest that transcriptions of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, anthocyanin contents, and metabolites have correlation in the red-flowered buckwheat Gan-Chao flowers. Our results may be helpful to understand anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-flowered buckwheat.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/biosynthesis , Fagopyrum/chemistry , Fagopyrum/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Metabolomics , Plant Proteins/genetics , Anthocyanins/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Fagopyrum/classification , Fagopyrum/genetics , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Structure , Plant Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) contains a high level of flavonoid compounds, which have beneficial and pharmacological effects on health. In this study, we isolated full-length cDNAs encoding hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HQT) and p-coumarate 3'-hydroxylase (C3H), which are involved in chlorogenic acid (CGA) biosynthesis. We examined the expression levels of HQT and C3H using real-time RT-PCR in different organs and sprouts of two tartary buckwheat cultivars (Hokkai T8 and T10) and analyzed CGA content using high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the organs, the flowers in both cultivars showed the highest levels of CGA. We concluded that the expression pattern of FtHQT and FtC3H did not match the accumulation pattern of CGA in different organs of T8 and T10 cultivars. Gene expression and CGA content varied between the cultivars. We presume that FtHQT and FtC3H levels might be controlled by multiple metabolic pathways in different organs of tartary buckwheat. Probably, FtC3H might have a greater effect on CGA biosynthesis than FtHQT. Our results will be helpful for a greater understanding of CGA biosynthesis in tartary buckwheat.
