[Disorders of neurogenesis of cortical and subcortical structures in rat brain limbic system during fetal alcohol syndrome formation].

Disorders of neurogenesis of cortical and subcortical structures in rat brain limbic system were studied in the offspring of rats that received ethanol during pregnancy. The methods used included the staining of histological sections with cresyl violet, in vitro culture, and electron paramagnetic resonance. Prenatal alcohol intoxication was shown to induce the disturbances in proliferative activity of granular layer cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, neuron- and glioblast migration, enhancement of free NO and lipoperoxide production and cell death. This resulted in the changes in the number of neurons in cortical and subcortical structures of rat brain limbic system and in fetal alcohol syndrome formation.

[Correction of oxidative stress in the rat brain cortical cellular culture with vitamines E and C].

The oxidative stress-induced alteration in concentration of oxygen, lipid and nitrogen free radicals in cultured brain cortex of the newborn albino rats and its correction with vitamins E and C was investigated. Modeling the oxidative stress was achieved with addition of H(2)O(2) into the nutrient medium. In order to prevent an oxidative stress-induced cytotoxic effect, concomitantly with H(2)O(2), vitamins E and C were added into the nutrient medium. Oxygen, lipid and nitrogen free radicals were registered by method Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and spin-traps. The data, obtained in our study revealed decreasing of intensity of NO content and increasing of spin trapped superoxid- (O(2-)) and lipoperoxid-radicals (LOO.) in explants of brain cortex of the newborn albino rats cultured in oxidative stress conditions. These changes were attenuated following action of vitamins E and C (decreasing of intensity of EPR signals of O2- and LOO, increasing of free NO content).

[Investigation of oxidative stress-induced alterations in the rat brain cortical cellular culture and their correction with vitamines E and C].

The oxidative stress-induced changes and feasibility of prevention of these changes with an aid of vitamines E and C were investigated in cultured brain cortex of the newborn albino rats. Modeling the oxidative stress was achieved with addition of H(2)O(2) into the nutrient medium. In order to prevent an oxidative stress-induced cytotoxic effect, concomittantly with H(2)O(2), vitamines E and C were added into the nutrient medium. The data, obtained in our study revealed inhibition of the glial cells'- and axonal migration into the growth zone resulting from the oxidative stress. These changes were attenuated following action of vitamines E and C, which points at feasibility of their use against oxidative impact from the free radicals emerging during neurodegenerative disorders.

[Correction of changes induced by toluene in the cortical and subcortical structures of albino rat brain].

The number and weight of cells in the cortical and subcortical structures of the cerebral and cerebellar motor system in albino rats after a long-term exposure to toluene. Toluene intoxication proved to kill projection neurons and interneurons in the sensorimotor cortex, ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, caudate nucleus, pallidum, red nucleus, and inferior olivary complex. The decreased number of cerebellar cells was mediated by atrophic changes as indicated by the decrease in the area and dry weight of Purkinje cells. The addition of plaferon LB to the diet attenuated the cytotoxic effect of toluene.

Pyramidal cell loss in hippocampus of young rats exposed to toluene.

In the present study the influences of toluene intoxication on quantity of the pyramidal and granular cells in hippocampus was analysed in young and adult rats. An inhalation route of intoxication was used in our experiments - animal inhaled toluene until attaining a sidewise laying position. This procedure was performed in the closed glass container, in which air was beforehand saturated with the toluene vapors. Experiments was carried out on two age groups (n=20): one and two months age rats. Inhalation period was 40 days, Each age group consisted of ten animals and was divided into the two subgroups: I - control animals (n=5), II - experimental animals (n=5). Assessment of the neurons' quantity in different structures was made according to the fractional approach method proposed by M. West. The results obtained showed that number of the pyramidal neurons decreases by 26% (I - 1067+/-83,8; II - 786+/-7; p<0,05) against the control in CA-3 field of the Subgroup II of the younger animals only. In the dentate fascia number of the granular cells does not change in either age group. Loss of pyramidal cells in the CA-3 field will induce deterioration of the hippocampal neural circuits and destroy of memory and learning processes in the rats.

Influence of toluene intoxication on the number of mitral and granular neurons in olfactory bulbs of rats.

In the last years, implementation of the volatile solvents in order to get a narcotic high, used via inhalation (sniffing), increased significantly, especially in the youth. Substances containing these agents induce hallucinations and euphoric state. In the present study the influences of toluene intoxication on quantity of the mitral and granular cells in olfactory bulbs was analyzed in young and adult rats. An inhalation route of intoxication was used in our experiments - animal inhaled toluene until attaining a sidewise laying position. This procedure was performed in the closed glass container, in which air was beforehand saturated with the toluene vapours. Experiments was carried out on two age groups (n=20 animals): one - and two months age rats. Inhalation period was 40 days. Each age group consisted of ten animals and was divided into the two subgroups: I - control animals (n=5), II - experimental animals (n=5). Assessment of the neurons' quantity in different structures was made according to the fractional approach method proposed by M. West (1999). The results obtained showed that number of mitral neurons in the olfactory bulb of the Subgroup II of the rats, sniffing since the age of one and two months, significantly decreased by 43% (p<0,05) and by 28% (p<0,01), respectively. Meanwhile, the granular cells remained unaltered in experimental animals of both age groups. Decrease of the projection mitral neurons, in its turn, results in disruption of the projections to olfactory cortex and hampers proper functioning of the olfactory analyzer.

Metabolic activity of cells in brain cortex after alcohol intoxication and correction of changes with Dolivin.

Metabolic processes in the brain cortex of albino rats with prenatal and postnatal alcohol intoxication were studied by the method of electron paramagnetic resonance. Accumulation of superoxide radical-generating agents, inactivation of superoxide dismutase, and increase in nitric oxide concentration were detected. Activation of free radical processes was associated with accumulation of Mn(2+)and Fe(2+). The parameters of electron paramagnetic resonance returned to normal after Dolivin treatment. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of oxidative metabolism.

[Effect of toluene on stability of chromatin of white rat hippocampus and olfactory bulb in vivo. Microcalorimetric study].

The denaturation heat parameters of hippocampus and olfactory bulb nodulus tissues were determined. The total denaturation heat calculated from the areas of endotherms I-IX onto which the dependence deltaH = f(T) is factorized equals to 13.03 +/- 1.3 J/g for bulb nodules and 9.91 J/g for the hippocampus. It was shown that chromatin in the composition of tissues had two stages of denaturation with the following parameters: for bulb nodules: Td(VIII) = 99.4 degrees C, Qd(VIII) = 62.3 +/- 0.8 J/g DNA, Td = (IX) = 106 degrees C, Qd = 28.8 ; 0.4 J/g DNA; and for hippocampus: Td(VIII) = 95 degrees C; Qd(VIII) = 62.0 +/- 9 J/g. Td(IX) - 107 degrees C; Qd(IX) = 29.0 +/- 4.5 J/g DNA. It was established that, along with denaturation of cytoplasmatic structures, nonhistone, nuclear proteins and damage to the nuclear matrix, toluene caused the redistribution of heat between endotherms IX, VIII, VIII(I) connected with the infolding of chromatin loops and 30-nm fibers. It is supposed that toluene causes the damage to the genetic material due to not only its oxidative influence on chromatin DNA but also the disturbance of nuclear matrix structural organization and partial denaturation of nuclear proteins of non-histone origin.

[Proliferative activity of the matrix cells in lateral ventricles and granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in rats after pre- and postnatal alcoholic intoxication]. / Proliferativnaia aktivnost' matrichnykh kletok bokovykh zheludochkov i granuliarnykh kletok zubchatoi izviliny gippokampa krys v usloviiakh pre- i postnatal'noi alkogol'noi intoksikatsii.

The treatment of pregnant and lactating female rats with ethanol inhibits the proliferation of matrix cells in the lateral brain ventricles of fetuses and, during the early postnatal period, of granule cells in the dentate gyrus and cells of the ventral horn of Ammon. A low proliferation rate leads to a decrease in the number of neurons forming the granule layer of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons in the CA-1 field of the horn of Ammon.

[The differentiation of locus coeruleus neurons after their allotransplantation into the preliminarily denervated hippocampus of white rats]. / Differentsirovka neironov golubovatogo mesta posle ikh allotransplantatsii v predvaritel'no denervirovannyi gippokamp belykh krys.

The suspension of embryonic locus coeruleus (LC) was transplanted into outbred albino rat hippocampus after its preliminary 6-hydroxy-dopamine-induced denervation. Immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis revealed that 3 months after the transplantation, embryonic noradrenergic LC cells which have completed their histogenesis in recipient hippocampus, appear as differentiated multipolar and fusiform cells, typical to LC. Intrahippocampal allotransplants of rat embryonic LC were also demonstrated to normalize the level of orientation activity in an open area, that was significantly reduced after administration of 6-hydroxy-dopamine to the animals.

[Effects of hypomagnetic fields on motility of the cilia of ependymal cells in vivo]. / Effekty vliianiia gipomagnitnogo polia na dvigatel'nuiu aktivnost' resnitchatogo apparata épendimnykh kletok v usloviiakh tselogo organizma.

The effect of reduced vertical component of geomagnetic field on motor activity of ciliate apparatus of ependymal cells in newborn rats in vivo has been studied. In has been shown that hypomagnetic field causes the inhibitory effect on the activity of ciliate apparatus up to absolute stoppage.

[The effect of hypo- and hypermagnetic fields on the motor activity of the ciliary apparatus of the ependymal cells]. / Izuchenie vliianiia gipo- i gipermagnitnogo polei na dvigatel'nuiu aktivnost' resnitchatogo apparata épendimnykh kletok.

The effect of vertical component of geomagnetic field on ciliate apparatus of ependymal cells in newborn rats in culture has been studied. It has been shown that hypo- and hypermagnetic fields retard the motor activity of ciliary apparatus up to full stoppage with cell swelling.

[The stimulation of the growth and differentiation of the axons and dendrites of spinal cord neurons in tissue culture]. / Stimuliatsiia rosta i differentsirovki aksonov i dendritov neironov spinnogo mozga v tkanevoi kul'ture.

Study of stimulating effects of human umbilical cord blood serum supernatant of chicken embryo somatic muscle tissue, and dalargin on the differentiation of chick embryo spinal neurons under conditions of cultivation has revealed that the highest stimulating effect is exerted by human cord blood serum at increased concentration (20%), promoting intensive growth and differentiation of axons and dendrites of spinal neurons. The stimulating effect of the serum has also been observed during cultivation of individual explants, when the influence of the factor responsible for activation and direction of the growth of axons and dendrites during simultaneous cultivation of two explants is excluded.

[The characteristics of the cell aggregation of the tectum mesencephali in chick embryos and of the cerebral cortex in newborn rats in mixed cultures]. / Osobennosti agregatsii kletok kryshi srednego mozga émbrionov kur i kory golovnogo mozga novorozhdennykh krys v smeshannykh kul'turakh.

To determine species-specific cells in mixed culture, obtained after simultaneous cultivation of dissociated cells of chick embryo midbrain tegmentum and newborn albino rat cerebral cortex, various DNA amounts were used for testing chick and rat cells. The study of cell structure of the aggregates revealed that in addition to the aggregates consisting of cells belonging to only one species of animals, chimera aggregates also exist made of cells of both species of animals, basically of chick embryo glial cells and newborn rat neurons.

[Growth of the axons in organotypic culture of the spinal cord]. / Rost aksonov v organotipicheskoi kul'ture spinnogo mozga.

Peculiarities of the axons growth in the culture of 14-day old chick embryo spinal cord after 24, 48 hr, 3, 5 and 7 days in the Maximov's chamber were observed. For the stimulation of axon growth the spinal cord was cultivated simultaneously with the explants of the muscle tissue and in the medium after the addition of supernatant of the somatic muscle. It has been demonstrated that the growth of the axons stimulated with the muscle explants or muscle supernatant takes place through the growth cones, while in the absence of growth stimulation effect glial cells can take part in the axons growth. It is supposed that the glial cells are capable of playing the role of the cells, which direct axons growth in the absence of influence of specific target factor.

[Reactive changes in the morphology of the glial cells of the central nervous system in tissue culture]. / Reaktivnye izmeneniia morfologii glial'nykh kletok tsentral'noi nervnoi sistemy v kul'ture tkani.

Different types of changes in glial cell reactions in organic and monolayer cultures are described. These changes are shown to reflect the behaviour of glial cells in vivo. A special attention is paid to the role of glial cells in the axon growth, and to their contractile activity and alterations under cytotoxic edema conditions. The establishment of intercellular contacts is shown to provide the general reaction of a group of glial cells.

[Contractile activity and intravital fluctuations in the dry weight of glial cells in monolayer cultures]. / Sokratitel'naia aktivnost' i prizhiznennye kolebaniia sukhogo vesa glial'nykh kletok v odnosloinykh kul'turakh.

Vital fluctuations of cell body sizes and of the amount of cytoplasmic protein were studied in the cultured glial cells obtained after dissociation of nervous tissue. Isolated glial cells restore their ability of contractile activity and unidirectional fluctuations of dry weight. After the glial cells are aggregated they retain contractile activity.

[The use of polymer fibers as a substrate for cultured nerve tissue]. / Ispol'zovanie polimernykh volokon v kachestve substrata pri kul'tivirovanii nervnoi tkani.

A study was made of the reaction of cells to administration of polymeric fibers containing amino acids--phenylalanine and leucine--to the culture of nerve tissue. The data obtained have shown that polymeric fibers are some acceptable substrate for the migration of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and for the growth of nerve cell axons.