Diagnostic performance of chest CT average intensity projection (AIP) reconstruction for the assessment of pleuro-parenchymal abnormalities.

AIM: The comparison between chest x-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) images is commonly required in clinical practice to assess the evolution of chest pathological manifestations. Intrinsic differences between the two techniques, however, limit reader confidence in such a comparison. CT average intensity projection (AIP) reconstruction allows obtaining "synthetic" CXR (s-CXR) images, which are thought to have the potential to increase the accuracy of comparison between CXR and CT imaging. We aim at assessing the diagnostic performance of s-CXR imaging in detecting common pleuro-parenchymal abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 142 patients who underwent chest CT examination and CXR within 24 hours were enrolled. CT was the standard of reference. Both conventional CXR (c-CXR) and s-CXR images were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of consolidation, nodule/mass, linear opacities, reticular opacities, and pleural effusion by 3 readers in two separate sessions. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and their 95% confidence interval were calculated for each reader and setting and tested by McNemar test. Inter-observer agreement was tested by Cohen's K test and its 95%CI. RESULTS: Overall, s-CXR sensitivity ranged 45-67% for consolidation, 12-28% for nodule/mass, 17-33% for linear opacities, 2-61% for reticular opacities, and 33-58% for pleural effusion; specificity 65-83%, 83-94%, 94-98%, 93-100% and 79-86%; accuracy 66-68%, 74-79%, 89-91%, 61-65% and 68-72%, respectively. K values ranged 0.38-0.50, 0.05-0.25, -0.05-0.11, -0.01-0.15, and 0.40-0.66 for consolidation, nodule/mass, linear opacities, reticular opacities, and pleural effusion, respectively. CONCLUSION: S-CXR images, reconstructed with AIP technique, can be compared with conventional images in clinical practice and for educational purposes.

Clinical standards for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of post-COVID-19 lung disease.

BACKGROUND: The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on 'best practice' care for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of post-COVID-19 lung disease.METHODS: A panel of international experts representing scientific societies, associations and groups active in post-COVID-19 lung disease was identified; 45 completed a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale indicated level of agreement with the draft standards. The final version was approved by consensus (with 100% agreement).RESULTS: Four clinical standards were agreed for patients with a previous history of COVID-19: Standard 1, Patients with sequelae not explained by an alternative diagnosis should be evaluated for possible post-COVID-19 lung disease; Standard 2, Patients with lung function impairment, reduced exercise tolerance, reduced quality of life (QoL) or other relevant signs or ongoing symptoms ≥4 weeks after the onset of first symptoms should be evaluated for treatment and pulmonary rehabilitation (PR); Standard 3, The PR programme should be based on feasibility, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness criteria, organised according to local health services and tailored to an individual patient's needs; and Standard 4, Each patient undergoing and completing PR should be evaluated to determine its effectiveness and have access to a counselling/health education session.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based set of clinical standards for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of post-COVID-19 lung disease. Our aim is to improve patient care and QoL by guiding clinicians, programme managers and public health officers in planning and implementing a PR programme to manage post-COVID-19 lung disease.

Baseline computed tomography screening and blood microRNA predict lung cancer risk and define adequate intervals in the BioMILD trial.

BACKGROUND: Large randomized trials have demonstrated that lung cancer (LC) screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces LC mortality in heavy smokers. We previously showed in the MILD screening trial that the combination of a prespecified circulating microRNA (miRNA) signature classifier (MSC) and LDCT improves the accuracy of LDCT alone. The primary aim of the prospective BioMILD study was to assess the additional value of the blood MSC assay at the time of baseline LDCT with the goal of personalizing LC screening intervals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 4119 volunteers from January 2013 to March 2016, with a median follow-up of 5.3 years. Baseline LDCT and miRNAs stratified participants into four groups: CT-/MSC- (n = 2664; 64.7%); CT-/MSC+ (n = 800; 19.4%); CT+/MSC- (n = 446; 10.8%); and CT+/MSC+ (n = 209; 5.1%). As per the protocol, those in the CT-/MSC- and CT-/MSC+ groups were allocated to LDCT repeat at 3-year and 1-year intervals; CT+ participants were allocated for 1-year or earlier intervals on the basis of LDCT features independent of MSC results. RESULTS: CT+ participants had a 15.8-fold higher 4-year LC incidence than CT- participants (95% confidence interval 10.34-24.05), and MSC+ participants had a 2.0-fold higher 4-year LC incidence than MSC- participants (95% confidence interval 1.40-2.90); there was no evidence that the MSC effect differed between CT+ and CT- participants. LC incidence at 4 years was 0.8% in CT-/MSC-, 1.1% in CT-/MSC+, 10.8% in CT+/MSC-, and 20.1% in CT+/MSC+ participants. LC mortality rates at 5 years in the four risk groups were 0.5 in CT-/MSC-, 1.5 in CT-/MSC+, 4.2 in CT+/MSC-, and 10.1 in CT+/MSC+. CONCLUSION: The combined use of LDCT and blood miRNAs at baseline predicts individual LC incidence and mortality, with a major effect of MSC for LDCT-positive individuals. These findings may have important implications in personalizing screening intervals.

COVID-19 pneumonia imaging follow-up: when and how? A proposition from ESTI and ESR.

This document from the European Society of Thoracic Imaging (ESTI) and the European Society of Radiology (ESR) discusses the role of imaging in the long-term follow-up of COVID-19 patients, to define which patients may benefit from imaging, and what imaging modalities and protocols should be used. Insights into imaging features encountered on computed tomography (CT) scans and potential pitfalls are discussed and possible areas for future review and research are also included. KEY POINTS: • Post-COVID-19 pneumonia changes are mainly consistent with prior organizing pneumonia and are likely to disappear within 12 months of recovery from the acute infection in the majority of patients. • At present, with the longest series of follow-up examinations reported not exceeding 12 months, the development of persistent or progressive fibrosis in at least some individuals cannot yet be excluded. • Residual ground glass opacification may be associated with persisting bronchial dilatation and distortion, and might be termed "fibrotic-like changes" probably consistent with prior organizing pneumonia.

Dosimetric and radiation cancer risk evaluation of high resolution thorax CT during COVID-19 outbreak.

PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the dosimetric impact of high-resolution thorax CT during COVID-19 outbreak in the University Hospital of Parma. In two months we have performed a huge number of thorax CT scans collecting effective and equivalent organ doses and evaluating also the lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of lung and other major cancers. MATERIALS AND METHOD: From February 24th to April 28th, 3224 high-resolution thorax CT were acquired. For all patients we have examined the volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), the dose length product (DLP), the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) and effective dose (E103) using a dose tracking software (Radimetrics Bayer HealthCare). From the equivalent dose to organs for each patient, LAR for lung and major cancers were estimated following the method proposed in BEIR VII which considers age and sex differences. RESULTS: Study population included 3224 patients, 1843 male and 1381 female, with an average age of 67 years. The average CTDIvol, SSDE and DLP, and E103 were 6.8 mGy, 8.7 mGy, 239 mGy·cm and 4.4 mSv respectively. The average LAR of all solid cancers was 2.1 cases per 10,000 patients, while the average LAR of leukemia was 0.2 cases per 10,000 patients. For both male and female the organ with a major cancer risk was lung. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the impressive increment in thoracic CT examinations due to COVID-19 outbreak, the high resolution low dose protocol used in our hospital guaranteed low doses and very low risk estimation in terms of LAR.

Milestones towards lung cancer screening implementation.

The European Society of Radiology (ESR) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) published their joint statement paper on lung cancer screening (LCS), on 12 February 2020. This document joins and completes previous recommendations on LCS with specific emphasis on the analysis of issues encountered in the practical implementation of LCS in the community. Major milestones to enable the most efficient and equal dissemination of LCS are recognised as engagement of all stakeholders (e.g. candidate/participant, general practitioners, up to the specialised LCS facility), quality assurance, and primary prevention in the form of provision of counselling for smoking cessation.

Structured reporting of chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: a consensus proposal.

OBJECTIVES: The need of a standardized reporting scheme and language, in imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia, has been welcomed by major scientific societies. The aim of the study was to build the reporting scheme of chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia. METHODS: A team of experts, of the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), has been recruited to compose a consensus panel. They used a modified Delphi process to build a reporting scheme and expressed a level of agreement for each section of the report. To measure the internal consistency of the panelist ratings for each section of the report, a quality analysis based on the average inter-item correlation was performed with Cronbach's alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The overall mean score of the experts and the sum of score were 3.1 (std.dev. ± 0.11) and 122 in the second round, and improved to 3.75 (std.dev. ± 0.40) and 154 in the third round. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient was 0.741 (acceptable) in the second round and improved to 0.789 in the third round. The final report was built in the management of radiology report template (MRRT) and includes n = 4 items in the procedure information, n = 5 items in the clinical information, n = 16 in the findings, and n = 3 in the impression, with overall 28 items. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed structured report could be of help both for expert radiologists and for the less experienced who are faced with the management of these patients. The structured report is conceived as a guideline, to recommend the key items/findings of chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia.

Ten-year results of the Multicentric Italian Lung Detection trial demonstrate the safety and efficacy of biennial lung cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: The Multicentric Italian Lung Detection (MILD) trial demonstrated that prolonged low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening could achieve a 39% reduction in lung cancer (LC) mortality. We have here evaluated the long-term results of annual vs. biennial LDCT and the impact of screening intensity on overall and LC-specific mortality at 10 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2005 and 2018, the MILD trial prospectively randomised the 2376 screening arm participants to annual (n = 1190) or biennial (n = 1186) LDCT, for a median screening period of 6.2 years and 23,083 person-years of follow-up. The primary outcomes were 10-year overall and LC-specific mortality, and the secondary end-points were the frequency of advanced-stage and interval LCs. RESULTS: The biennial LDCT arm showed a similar overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-1.12) and LC-specific mortality at 10 years (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.59-2.05), as compared with the annual LDCT arm. Biennial screening saved 44% of follow-up LDCTs in subjects with negative baseline LDCT, and 38% of LDCTs in all participants, with no increase in the occurrence of stage II-IV or interval LCs. CONCLUSIONS: The MILD trial provides original evidence that prolonged screening beyond five years with biennial LDCT can achieve an LC mortality reduction comparable to annual LDCT, in subjects with a negative baseline examination.

Prolonged lung cancer screening reduced 10-year mortality in the MILD trial: new confirmation of lung cancer screening efficacy.

BACKGROUND: The National Lung Screening Trial showed that lung cancer (LC) screening by three annual rounds of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces LC mortality. We evaluated the benefit of prolonged LDCT screening beyond 5 years, and its impact on overall and LC specific mortality at 10 years. DESIGN: The Multicentric Italian Lung Detection (MILD) trial prospectively randomized 4099 participants, to a screening arm (n = 2376), with further randomization to annual (n = 1190) or biennial (n = 1186) LDCT for a median period of 6 years, or control arm (n = 1723) without intervention. Between 2005 and 2018, 39 293 person-years of follow-up were accumulated. The primary outcomes were 10-year overall and LC specific mortality. Landmark analysis was used to test the long-term effect of LC screening, beyond 5 years by exclusion of LCs and deaths that occurred in the first 5 years. RESULTS: The LDCT arm showed a 39% reduced risk of LC mortality at 10 years [hazard ratio (HR) 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-0.95], compared with control arm, and a 20% reduction of overall mortality (HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.62-1.03). LDCT benefit improved beyond the 5th year of screening, with a 58% reduced risk of LC mortality (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.79), and 32% reduction of overall mortality (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.49-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: The MILD trial provides additional evidence that prolonged screening beyond 5 years can enhance the benefit of early detection and achieve a greater overall and LC mortality reduction compared with NLST trial. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02837809.

An undiagnosed pleural effusion with surprising consequences.

We present the case of a 43-year-old Italian woman with a left undiagnosed pleural effusion, which in subsequent months presented a clinically unexpected evolution with the appearance at first of a right wrist tenosynovitis and subsequently a bilateral lung involvement caused by M. Tuberculosis. With this case report, we would like to underline the importance of making a correct diagnosis of any pleural effusion as soon as possible by at least a thoracocentesis. If untreated, tuberculosis may easily disseminate to other organs. Some considerations and suggestions for antibiotic treatment of pleural effusion will also be given, since many antibiotics have some anti-tuberculosis effect and may delay the diagnosis of this infectious disease.

Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT in Europe: strength and weakness of diverse independent screening trials.

A North American trial reported a significant reduction of lung cancer mortality and overall mortality as a result of annual screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). European trials prospectively tested a variety of possible screening strategies. The main topics of current discussion regarding the optimal screening strategy are pre-test selection of the high-risk population, interval length of LDCT rounds, definition of positive finding, and post-test apportioning of lung cancer risk based on LDCT findings. Despite the current lack of statistical evidence regarding mortality reduction, the European independent diverse strategies offer a multi-perspective view on screening complexity, with remarkable indications for improvements in cost-effectiveness and harm-benefit balance. The UKLS trial reported the advantage of a comprehensive and simple risk model for selection of patients with 5% risk of lung cancer in 5 years. Subjective risk prediction by biological sampling is under investigation. The MILD trial reported equal efficiency for biennial and annual screening rounds, with a significant reduction in the total number of LDCT examinations. The NELSON trial introduced volumetric quantification of nodules at baseline and volume-doubling time (VDT) for assessment of progression. Post-test risk refinement based on LDCT findings (qualitative or quantitative) is under investigation. Smoking cessation remains the most appropriate strategy for mortality reduction, and it must therefore remain an integral component of any lung cancer screening programme.

Computed tomography - histology correlations of unusual lung tumors.

A large variety of rare benign and malignant tumors may sporadically affect the lung. Computed tomography (CT) findings of unusual primary lung tumors are often nonspecific. However, there are some rare pulmonary tumors with imaging features overlapping those of other conditions, thus making radiologic diagnosis challenging. The aim of this review was to correlate CT and histopathological features of a variety of unusual lung tumors to better clarify when and to what extent radiological diagnosis is reliable.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: A Comprehensive Review.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a complex pulmonary syndrome mediated by the immune system and caused by inhalation of a wide variety of antigens to which the individual has been previously sensitized. The pathobiology of the disease is not fully understood, but in addition to the triggers that initiate the disease, host/genetic factors are likely to be important, as only a minority of exposed individuals develop HP. Due to the lack of a diagnostic gold standard, the diagnosis of HP is not straightforward and relies on the integration of a number of factors, including history of exposure, precipitating antibodies to the offending antigen, clinical features, bronchoalveolar lavage, and radiological and pathologic features. However, in the appropriate setting, a high index of suspicion is critically important and may obviate the need for more invasive tests. Clinical presentation and natural history vary widely. Acute forms generally resolve without sequelae, while chronic forms, which are caused by persistent low-grade exposures, are associated with poor prognosis. Corticosteroids may be useful in acute episodes for symptomatic relief or in chronic and progressive disease, but their long-term efficacy has never been validated in prospective clinical trials. Ideally, patients with HP should be referred to centers with expertise, as the overlap with other forms of interstitial lung disease may be substantial. Making the correct diagnosis has critical therapeutic and prognostic implications.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a comprehensive review

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a complex pulmonary syndrome mediated by the immune system and caused by inhalation of a wide variety of antigens to which the individual has been previously sensitized. The pathobiology of the disease is not fully understood, but in addition to the triggers that initiate the disease, host/genetic factors are likely to be important, as only a minority of exposed individuals develop HP. Due to the lack of a diagnostic gold standard, the diagnosis of HP is not straightforward and relies on the integration of a number of factors, including history of exposure, precipitating antibodies to the offending antigen, clinical features, bronchoalveolar lavage, and radiological and pathologic features. However, in the appropriate setting, a high index of suspicion is critically important and may obviate the need for more invasive tests. Clinical presentation and natural history vary widely. Acute forms generally resolve without sequelae, while chronic forms, which are caused by persistent low-grade exposures, are associated with poor prognosis. Corticosteroids may be useful in acute episodes for symptomatic relief or in chronic and progressive disease, but their long-term efficacy has never been validated in prospective clinical trials. Ideally, patients with HP should be referred to centers with expertise, as the overlap with other forms of interstitial lung disease may be substantial. Making the correct diagnosis has critical therapeutic and prognostic implications (AU)

La neumonitis por hipersensibilidad (NH), también conocida como alveolitis alérgica extrínseca, es un síndrome pulmonar complejo mediado por el sistema inmune y provocado por la inhalación de una amplia variedad de alérgenos frente a los cuales el paciente está previamente sensibilizado. La patogénesis de la enfermedad se conoce parcialmente; sin embargo, además de los activadores iniciales que dan lugar al desarrollo de la enfermedad hay factores genéticos que tienen importancia también, de tal forma que solo una minoría de los individuos expuestos desarrollan la enfermedad. Debido a la falta de un 'gold estándar' para el diagnóstico de NH, se hace necesaria la integración de un número de factores, entre los que se encuentran la historia de exposición al alérgeno, la presencia de anticuerpos precipitantes frente al Ag ofensor, datos clínicos y datos patológicos en el lavado broncoalveolar, y radiológicos. En cualquier caso un alto índice de sospecha clínica es crítica y puede obviar la necesidad de otros test más invasivos. La presentación clínica y la historia natural de la enfermedad puede variar ampliamente desde las formas agudas que generalmente se resuelven sin secuelas a las formas crónicas fibróticas que son provocadas por la exposición de grado bajo mantenida y que se asocian con un peor pronóstico. Los corticosteroides pueden ser útiles en el tratamiento sintomático de los episodios agudos o en la enfermedad crónica progresiva, pero su eficacia a largo plazo nunca ha sido validada en ensayos clínicos diseñados para ese fin. La dinámica adecuada debe dirigir a los pacientes con MH a centros especializados expertos, dado que puede haber otras formas solapadas de enfermedad pulmonar y el diagnóstico correcto es crítico para la aplicación de un correcto tratamiento y un mejor pronóstico (AU)

Systemic sclerosis interstitial lung disease evaluation: comparison between semiquantitative and quantitative computed tomography assessments.

The pulmonary fibrosis extent in systemic sclerosis (SSc) has a prognostic value. Chest Computed Tomography (CT) is the gold standard to detect an interstitial lung disease (ILD). Semi-quantitative scores and quantitative methods can estimate the ILD. The first ones have a considerable inter-intraobserver variability, while quantitative scores, based on distribution of lung attenuation parameters (also called CT indexes), can be obtained through expensive and not so user-friendly software. The aim of this work is to investigate whether a DICOM-viewer open-source software (OsiriX) can obtain CT indexes correlating with semi-quantitative scores. Sixty-three chest CTs of ILD-SSc patients were assessed with two semi-quantitative methods (visual extent and limited/extensive ILD grading) and then blindly processed with OsiriX to obtain the distribution parameters of lung attenuation (kurtosis, skewness and mean). Semiquantitative assessment and CT indexes were compared through the Spearman rank test and Mann-Whitney test. All CT indexes showed a statistically significant correlation of moderate degree with the visual extent semi-quantitative assessment (p-value less than 0.05). Skewness was the lung attenuation distribution parameter with the strongest correlation (r =-0.378, p-value = 0.0023). Moreover, CT indexes of patients with an extensive and limited disease were statistically different (p less than 0.01). CT indexes correlating with a radiological semi-quantitative ILD assessment can be obtained through OsiriX. CT indexes can be considered very helpful to discriminate patients with extensive and limited ILD.

Highlights of HRCT imaging in IPF.

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) imaging has a central role in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases, particularly in the evaluation of patients with suspected idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In approximately half of cases, HRCT scans are sufficient to allow a confident IPF diagnosis. Advances in HRCT scanning and interpretation have facilitated improved accuracy for use in diagnosing IPF, eliminating the need for a surgical biopsy in many patients. HRCT may also have a role to play in predicting the prognosis of the disease;. The role of routine follow-up with HRCT to monitor patients with IPF remains unclear due to lack of sufficient evidence, although, sometimes follow-up HRCT might be necessary to rule out progressive disease in patients with undetermined diagnosis. Advances in the field of HRCT imaging are discussed, along with insights into the clinical utility of this procedure in the diagnosis and management of IPF.

Screening for lung cancer using low-dose spiral CT: 10 years later, state of the art.

Ten years after the first papers on this subject, this editorial represents a brief review on lung cancer screening with low-dose spiral CT. The aim is to present the main theoretical and practical problems related to lung cancer screening, the historical background and results of observational studies and the main ongoing randomised controlled trials. In particular, the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), which was interrupted early, is discussed. The opinion of the authors is that too many questions are still awaiting an answer.