State-of-the-art progress on locust bean gum polysaccharide for sustainable food packaging and drug delivery applications: A review with prospectives.

Locust bean gum (LBG), a polysaccharide-based natural polymer, is being widely researched as an appropriate additive for various products, including food, gluten-free formulations, medicines, paper, textiles, oil well drilling, cosmetics, and medical uses. Drug delivery vehicles, packaging, batteries, and catalytic supports are all popular applications for biopolymer-based materials. This review discusses sustainable food packaging and drug delivery applications for LBG. Given the benefits of LBG polysaccharide as a source of dietary fiber, it is also being investigated as a potential treatment for many health disorders, including colorectal cancer, diabetes, and gastrointestinal difficulties. The flexibility of LBG polysaccharide allows it to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, a crucial characteristic of biomaterials, and the film-forming properties of LBG are critical for food packaging applications. The extraction process of LBG plays an important role in properties such as viscosity and gel-forming properties. Moreover, there are multiple factors such as temperature, pressure, pH, etc. The LBG-based functional composite film is effective in improving the shelf life as well as monitoring the freshness of fruits, meat and other processed food. The LBG-based hydrogel is excellent carrier of drugs and can be used for slow and sustainable release of active components present in drugs. Thus, the primary goal of this review was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the literature with a focus on the composition, properties, processing, food packaging, and medicine delivery applications of LBG polysaccharides. Thus, we investigated the chemical composition, extraction, and characteristics of LBG polysaccharides that underlie their applications in the food packaging and medicine delivery fields.

Synthesis and drug release kinetics of ciprofloxacin from polyacrylamide/dextran/carbon quantum dots (PAM/Dex/CQD) hydrogels.

Sustainable release of drug by utilizing ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) based inclusion complex (IC) is the prime objective of the present work. Herein, polyacrylamide/dextran containing carbon quantum dots (PAM/Dex/CQD) nanocomposite hydrogels are prepared by in situ polymerization of acrylamide. The incorporation of CQD triggers the change in orientation of the PAM/Dex polymeric chains to result the formation of stacked surface morphology of the hydrogel. The average particle size of CQD is found to be 4.13 nm from HRTEM analysis. As-synthesized nanocomposite hydrogel exhibits an optimum swelling ratio of 863 % in aqueous medium. The cytotoxicity study is conducted on HeLa cells by taking up to 2 µM concentration of the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel demonstrate 78 % cell viability. In present study, ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is taken as model drug that achieves release of 64.15 % in 32 h from ß-Cipro@PAM/Dex/CQD hydrogels in acidic medium. From theoretical study, release rate constants, R2, Akaike information criterion (AIC) and model selection criterion (MSC) are computed to determine the best fitted kinetics model. Peppas-Sahlin model is the best fitted kinetics model for ß-Cipro@PAM/Dex/CQD and concluded that the release of Cipro follows Fickian drug diffusion mechanism in acidic medium.

In Vivo Wound Healing in Drosophila melanogaster and Mouse Models: Synergistic Effect of Bovine Serum Albumin and Graphene Quantum Dots.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based biomaterials have garnered significant attention for their remarkable potential in wound healing, primarily due to their effective biological actions in addressing the skin inflammation phase and mitigating hypoalbuminemia. Motivated by these attributes, a nanocomposite hydrogel is developed by blending BSA with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), complemented by the incorporation of graphene quantum dot (GQD). The FTIR study establishes a hydrogen-bonding interaction between the -NH2 groups of BSA and the -OH group of PVA. Microscopic investigations establish that the dispersion of GQDs with an average size of 22.5 nm results in smoothening of the surface of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite hydrogel reveals excellent swelling attributes of about 920% in a period of 6 h due to its optimum cross-linking condition. Furthermore, the hydrogel exhibits a water vapor transmission rate of 8.45 mg cm-2 h-1, akin to the transmission rate of wounded skin. The PVA/BSA@GQD nanocomposite's antibacterial efficacy is evaluated against Morganella morganii bacteria, showing 99% killing, while its cytotoxicity assay against HeLa cells exhibited a minimum cell viability of 76% at a 20 µM concentration, which is ideal for a wound dressing material. In vivo wound healing investigations are conducted on Drosophila, showcasing a 100% wound surface closure within 4 h. This outcome is further substantiated through in vivo studies involving mice, where complete re-epithelialization is achieved within a span of 13 days. The combined results establish the PVA/BSA@GQD nanocomposite as a potential wound dressing material.

Ex Vivo Glucose Detection in Human Blood Serums with Carbon Quantum Dot-Doped Oleic Acid-Treated Chitosan Nanocomposites.

Herein, carbon quantum dot (CQD)-doped oleic acid (OL)-treated chitosan (Ch) nanocomposites (Ch-OL/CQD) are prepared by a simple solution technique for nonenzymatic ex vivo detection of glucose in human blood samples. From the architecture of the structure, it is observed that the agglomeration of CQD is restricted by OL-treated Ch polymeric chain, and simultaneously the inhibition in the entanglement of Ch-OL polymeric chains in the matrix is attained by the incorporation of CQD, thereby proving the high stability of the nanocomposite. In vitro detection of glucose is studied by the "Turn ON-OFF" fluorescence technique which is again evidenced by the shining core image of nanocomposites in HRTEM. A highly selective glucose sensing against interfering sugars due to the specific spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl groups of glucose, leading to prominent hydrogen-bonding interaction is established, with a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.51 µM, covering a wide linear domain from 0 to 104 µM, R2 = 0.98. Moreover, the calculated glucose levels in real human blood serums by Ch-OL/CQD nanocomposites are compared with a commercial glucometer, with recovery percentages from 95.8 to 107.3%. The clinical potential is supported by studying the stimuli responsiveness of the nanocomposites as a function of pH and ionic strength, encouraging the operation of the sensor in a complex biological scenario. The present work may offer an opportunity for the monitoring of glucose in the blood for successful diabetes management.

Host-guest drug delivery by ß-cyclodextrin assisted polysaccharide vehicles: A review.

Among different forms of cyclodextrin (CD), ß-CD has been taken a special attraction in pharmaceutical science due to lowest aqueous solubility and adequate cavity size. ß-CD forms inclusion complex with drugs in combination with biopolymers such as polysaccharides which plays a vital role as a vehicle for safe release of drugs. It is noticed that, ß-CD assisted polysaccharide-based composite achieves better drug release rate through host-guest mechanism. Present review is a critical analysis of this host-guest mechanism for release of drugs from polysaccharide supported ß-CD inclusion complex. Various important polysaccharides such as cellulose, alginate, chitosan, dextran, etc. and their association with ß-CD in relevant to drug delivery are logically compared in present review. Efficacy of mechanism of drug delivery by different polysaccharides with ß-CD is analytically examined in schematic form. Drug release capacity at different pH conditions, mode of drug release, along with characterization techniques adopted by individual polysaccharide-based CD complexes are comparatively established in tabular form. This review may explore better visibility for researchers those are working in the area of controlled release of drugs by carrier consist of ß-CD associated polysaccharide composite through host-guest mechanism.

Application of quercetin flavonoid based hybrid nanocomposites: A review.

Natural bioflavonoids are an essential component of dietary supplements possessing antimicrobial properties. Many of the bioflavonoids have resulted in positive antitumor, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory properties, but the efficacy remains low due to toxicity at the molecular level whereas antiviral property limits to negative. The synergistic link between nanoscience and flavonoid chemistry enhances the epidemiological properties of flavonoid and also diminish the antimicrobial resistivity (AMR) by forming their hybrid nanocomposites. Nanochemistry uses various nanocomposite and nanomaterials for biosensing the flavonoids and their delivery as a drug. The quercetin flavonoid and its derivatives such as rutin, and myricetin are used for sensing and drug delivery. Quercetin with 15Carbon-5Hydroxyl chemical scaffold has been explored for a few decades for the development of hybrid nanocomposite and nanomaterial with metallic as well as organic nano co-composites. This quercetin flavonoid based hybrid nanocomposites seemed to show a significant effect on In vitro and some animal model processes along with attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability actions. This review mainly focused on the hybrid nanoscience of quercetin bioflavonoid and its application in numerous biological, material fields with a future perspective.

Release of ciprofloxacin drugs by nano gold embedded cellulose grafted polyacrylamide hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels.

The present work involves the designing of the porous nano gold embedded cellulose grafted polyacrylamide (PAM/C/Au) nanocomposite hydrogel which has been prepared by in situ polymerization process with an objective of application for the in vitro release of ciprofloxacin drugs. The structure, composition, morphology behaviour of the nanocomposite hydrogels are explored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thermal stability of the as synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels are studied by TGA. The gelling actions of prepared nanocomposite hydrogels are determined by the rheological study. The investigations of cytotoxicity tests and antibacterial behaviour along with negative and positive actions of nanocomposite hydrogels are investigated. The study of the release rate of ciprofloxacin drugs is carried out by measuring water retention and swelling properties of nanocomposite hydrogels. The in vitro release rate of ciprofloxacin antibiotic drug is found to be 96.6% in 5 h. The PAM/C/Au nanocomposite hydrogels with improved thermal and rheological properties are suitable proposed as a good carrier towards in vitro release of the ciprofloxacin drugs.

Nano silver decorated polyacrylamide/dextran nanohydrogels hybrid composites for drug delivery applications.

Herein, novel biodegradable, stimuli responsive, chemically cross-linked and porous polyacrylamide/dextran (PAM/D) nanohydrogels hybrid composites are synthesized by in situ polymerization technique with incorporation of reduced nano silver. The interaction of nano silver with PAM in presence of dextran is investigated by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The elemental composition of the hybrid nanohydrogels is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) whereas; the surface morphology of nanohydrogels hybrid composites is studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) by which, it is observed that, the silver nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed throughout the nanohydrogel network. From high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the average size of silver nanoparticles is found to be 20nm. The swelling, deswelling and water retention properties of nanohydrogels hybrid composites are measured in order to investigate the release rate of the ornidazole drugs. The in vitro release rate of ornidazole drugs is found to be 98.5% in 6h. The antibacterial activities and the cytotoxicity tests along with positive and negative control of hybrid nanohydrogels are investigated. The loss modulus, gain modulus and complex viscosities are determined from rheological behaviour of the nanohydrogels. It is found that, the value of tanδ varies from 0.1 to 0.8. Nano silver decorated PAM/D nanohydrogels are stable, nontoxic with antibacterial behaviour may be suitable for drugs delivery vehicle.

Carbon quantum dot tailored calcium alginate hydrogel for pH responsive controlled delivery of vancomycin.

Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of highly luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from Aloe vera leaf gel; in just 2h at 250°C through carbonization pathway. The prepared CQDs are structurally characterized with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), hydrodynamic diameter, surface polarity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The functional carbon nanoparticles are observed as non-cytotoxic materials. The biocompatibility, less cytotoxicity and high aqueous dispersibility of as-synthesized CQDs are motivated to design carbon quantum dot (CQD) tailored calcium alginate (CA) hydrogel films with an aim to controlled delivery of glycopeptides antibiotic vancomycin in the gastrointestinal tract (GI). With CQD, the drug loading capacity of CA/CQD film is increased to 89% from 38% (CA film), whereas; with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) the vancomycin uptake capacity is increased more, 96%. The release of vancomycin through CA/CQD film is more pronounced at pH1.5, close to the pH of the stomach and it is found that in pH1.5 with ß-CD, the release rate of vancomycin is lowered, 56% in 120h. The high drug uptake capacity (96%) and lower release rate (56% in 120h) of CA/CQD hydrogel film in pH1.5 with ß-CD can be used for its applicability as drug delivery vehicle for controlled release of vancomycin into the stomach region and therefore it can offer a potential option for oral administration of vancomycin.

Nano CaCO3 imprinted starch hybrid polyethylhexylacrylate\polyvinylalcohol nanocomposite thin films.

Starch hybrid polyethylhexylacrylate (PEHA)/polyvinylalcohol (PVA) nanocomposite thin films are prepared by different composition of nano CaCO3 in aqueous medium. The chemical interaction of nano CaCO3 with PEHA in presence of starch and PVA is investigated by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used in order to study the change in crystallite size and d-spacing during the formation of nanocomposite thin film. The surface morphology of nanofilms is studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The topology and surface roughness of the films is noticed by atomic force microscope (AFM). The tensile strength, thermal stability and thermal conductivity of films are increased with increase in concentrations of CaCO3 nanopowder. The chemical resistance and biodegradable properties of the nanocomposite thin films are also investigated. The growth of bacteria and fungi in starch hybrid PEHA film is reduced substantially with imprint of nano CaCO3.

Phenylboronic acid functionalized reduced graphene oxide based fluorescence nano sensor for glucose sensing.

Reduced graphene has emerged as promising tools for detection based application of biomolecules as it has high surface area with strong fluorescence quenching property. We have used the concept of fluorescent quenching property of reduced graphene oxide to the fluorescent probes which are close vicinity of its surface. In present work, we have synthesized fluorescent based nano-sensor consist of phenylboronic acid functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO-PBA) and di-ol modified fluorescent probe for detection of biologically important glucose molecules. This fluorescent graphene based nano-probe has been characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Atomic force microscope (AFM), UV-visible, Photo-luminescence (PL) and Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Finally, using this PBA functionalized reduced GO based nano-sensor, we were able to detect glucose molecule in the range of 2 mg/mL to 75 mg/mL in aqueous solution of pH7.4.

Barrier properties of nano silicon carbide designed chitosan nanocomposites.

Nano silicon carbide (SiC) designed chitosan nanocomposites were prepared by solution technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for studying structural interaction of nano silicon carbide (SiC) with chitosan. The morphology of chitosan/SiC nanocomposites was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The thermal stability of chitosan was substantially increased due to incorporation of stable silicon carbide nanopowder. The oxygen permeability of chitosan/SiC nanocomposites was reduced by three folds as compared to the virgin chitosan. The chemical resistance properties of chitosan were enhanced due to the incorporation of nano SiC. The biodegradability was investigated using sludge water. The tensile strength of chitosan/SiC nanocomposites was increased with increasing percentage of SiC. The substantial reduction in oxygen barrier properties in combination with increased thermal stability, tensile strength and chemical resistance properties; the synthesized nanocomposite may be suitable for packaging applications.

Dispersion of SiC nanoparticles in cellulose for study of tensile, thermal and oxygen barrier properties.

Cellulose/silicon carbide (cellulose/SiC) nanobiocomposites were prepared by solution technique. The interaction of SiC nanoparticles with cellulose were confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The structure of cellulose/SiC nanobiocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tensile properties of the nanobiocomposites were improved as compared with virgin cellulose. Thermal stabilities of cellulose/SiC nanobiocomposites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cellulose/SiC nanobiocomposites were thermally more stable than the raw cellulose. It may be due to the delamination of SiC with cellulose matrix. The oxygen barrier properties of cellulose composites were measured using gas permeameter. A substantial reduction in oxygen permeability was obtained with increase in silicon carbide concentrations. The thermally resistant and oxygen barrier properties of the prepared nanobiocomposites may enable the materials for the packaging applications.

Synthesis of thermal and chemical resistant oxygen barrier starch with reinforcement of nano silicon carbide.

Starch/silicon carbide (starch/SiC) bionanocomposites were synthesized by solution method using different wt% of silicon carbide with starch matrix. The interaction between starch and silicon carbide was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The structure of the bionanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Thermal property of starch/SiC bionanocomposites was measured and a significant enhancement of thermal resistance was noticed. The oxygen barrier property of the composites was studied and a substantial reduction in permeability was observed as compared to the virgin starch. The reduction of oxygen permeability with enhancement of thermal stability of prepared bionanocomposites may enable the materials suitable for thermal resistant packaging and adhesive applications.

Cellulose nanobiocomposites with reinforcement of boron nitride: study of thermal, oxygen barrier and chemical resistant properties.

A series of cellulose based nanobiocomposites (cellulose/BN) were prepared with incorporation of various percentage of nano boron nitride (BN). The interaction between cellulose and boron nitride was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structure of cellulose/BN nanobiocomposites was investigated by XRD, FESEM, and HRTEM. It was observed that the boron nitride nanoparticles were dispersed within cellulose matrix due to intercalation and partial exfoliation. The quantitative identification of nanobiocomposites was investigated by selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Thermal stabilities of the prepared nanobiocomposites were measured by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and it was found that thermal stability of the nanobiocomposites was higher than the virgin cellulose. The oxygen barrier property of cellulose/BN nanobiocomposites was measured using a gas permeameter and a substantial reduction in oxygen permeability due to increase in boron nitride loading was observed. Further it was noticed that the chemical resistance of the nanobiocomposites was more than the virgin cellulose. Hence, the prepared nanobiocomposite may be widely used for insulating and temperature resistant packaging materials.

Synthesis of gas barrier starch by dispersion of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

Nanocomposite films were prepared successfully by simple solution casting method from plasticized starch/functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PS/f-MWCNTs). The interaction of starch with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) was evidenced by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphological and thermal properties of the composite films were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The electrical conductivity of the composites was increased significantly by sixteen times, from 0.1×10(-9) to 1.6×10(-9) S/cm. This reveals better dispersion of f-MWCNT with low concentration of f-MWCNT. The oxygen permeability of the composites was reduced by half as compared to virgin PS. This indicates better dispersion of f-MWCNT in PS matrix due to formation of strong hydrogen bonding with PS matrix.