The effect of narrative element incorporation on physical activity and game experience in active and sedentary virtual reality games.

Narratives are pervasive in video games and have been found to increase physical activity in active video games. However, the effect of incorporating narrative elements has seldom been examined in fully immersive virtual reality games. We investigated the effect of narrative element incorporation (between-subject: narrative vs. no narrative) in active virtual reality and sedentary virtual reality games (within-subject) and examined between- and within-subject effects on physical activity behavior, game experience, and physical activity engagement. We randomized 36 sedentary college students to either the narrative or the non-narrative group. All participants played an active virtual reality and a sedentary virtual reality game in counter-balanced order. Before each game session, they either watched a 5-min narrative video (narrative) or directly played the original virtual reality games without narratives (non-narrative). We collected participants' physical activity data using wrist-worn accelerometers; we obtained their game experience and physical activity engagement via questionnaires. The narrative group spent a greater proportion of time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (%) and had less non-movement time during the active virtual reality gameplay than the non-narrative group (all p values < .05). The active virtual reality sessions induced a greater positive affect and greater physical activity engagement ratings than the sedentary virtual reality sessions. The incorporation of narrative elements in active virtual reality increased the relative time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and reduced non-movement time, compared to the non-narrative group. Active virtual reality encouraged more activity by participants and offered them a more enjoyable gaming experience in which they engaged more. Active virtual reality is a feasible physical activity promotion option among sedentary adults; the incorporation of narrative elements in active virtual reality helps increase relative moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and should be further explored for its efficacy. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10055-023-00754-7.

Running an active gaming-based randomized controlled trial during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges, solutions and lessons learned.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant obstacles for clinical trials and human subject research. This paper discusses the challenges our study team encountered while implementing an eHealth intervention during the pandemic, including: increased dropout, cancellation and rescheduling rates, increased mailing returns and delays, social distancing impediments, COVID-19 positive team members, and restricted training access. Study design: This is a short paper on research protocol for a six-month randomized controlled single-blind trial. Methods: N/A. Results: In response to these challenges, we changed the study protocol. We included multimodal communication models, amplified recruitment efforts, expanded our population's age range, increasingly utilized tracking labels, utilized external space for extra participants, and transitioned to a virtual RA training format. Conclusions: Sharing our experience and the adaptations required to run a clinical trial during the pandemic should provide useful and practical knowledge for institutions, funding agencies, and researchers. We believe that the lessons learned here would be applicable to future clinical trial research after the pandemic as well.