ABSTRACT
The [FeFe]-hydrogenase catalytic site H cluster is a complex iron sulfur cofactor that is sensitive to oxygen (O2). The O2 sensitivity is a significant barrier for production of hydrogen as an energy source in water-splitting, oxygenic systems. Oxygen reacts directly with the H cluster, which results in rapid enzyme inactivation and eventual degradation. To investigate the progression of O2-dependent [FeFe]-hydrogenase inactivation and the process of H cluster degradation, the highly O2-sensitive [FeFe]-hydrogenase HydA1 from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was exposed to defined concentrations of O2 while monitoring the loss of activity and accompanying changes in H cluster spectroscopic properties. The results indicate that H cluster degradation proceeds through a series of reactions, the extent of which depend on the initial enzyme reduction/oxidation state. The degradation process begins with O2 interacting and reacting with the 2Fe subcluster, leading to degradation of the 2Fe subcluster and leaving an inactive [4Fe-4S] subcluster state. This final inactive degradation product could be reactivated in vitro by incubation with 2Fe subcluster maturation machinery, specifically HydF(EG), which was observed by recovery of enzyme activity.
Subject(s)
Hydrogen/chemistry , Hydrogenase/chemistry , Hydrogenase/metabolism , Iron/chemistry , Oxygen/pharmacology , Carbon Monoxide/pharmacology , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/enzymology , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hydrogen/metabolism , Hydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors , Iron/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Oxidation-Reduction , Protein ConformationABSTRACT
The use of [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzymes for the biotechnological production of H2 or other reduced products has been limited by their sensitivity to oxygen (O2). Here, we apply a PCR-directed approach to determine the distribution, abundance, and diversity of hydA gene fragments along co-varying salinity and O2 gradients in a vertical water column of Great Salt Lake (GSL), UT. The distribution of hydA was constrained to water column transects that had high salt and relatively low O2 concentrations. Recovered HydA deduced amino acid sequences were enriched in hydrophilic amino acids relative to HydA from less saline environments. In addition, they harbored interesting variations in the amino acid environment of the complex H-cluster metalloenzyme active site and putative gas transfer channels that may be important for both H2 transfer and O2 susceptibility. A phylogenetic framework was created to infer the accessory cluster composition and quaternary structure of recovered HydA protein sequences based on phylogenetic relationships and the gene contexts of known complete HydA sequences. Numerous recovered HydA are predicted to harbor multiple N- and C-terminal accessory iron-sulfur cluster binding domains and are likely to exist as multisubunit complexes. This study indicates an important role for [FeFe]-hydrogenases in the functioning of the GSL ecosystem and provides new target genes and variants for use in identifying O2 tolerant enzymes for biotechnological applications.
Subject(s)
Hydrogenase/metabolism , Lakes/chemistry , Phylogeny , Amino Acid Motifs , Amino Acid Sequence , Bayes Theorem , Geography , Hydrogenase/chemistry , Molecular Sequence Data , Oxidation-Reduction , Protein Structure, Tertiary , United States , WaterABSTRACT
Iron-sulfur cluster coordination was probed in the [FeFe]-hydrogenase H cluster maturation scaffold HydF. Putative Cys thiol and His imidazole ligation identified through multiple sequence alignments and structural studies were subjected to amino acid substitution and the variants were biochemically characterized. The results implicate a role for C304, C353, C356, and H306 of Clostridium acetobutylicum HydF in FeS cluster binding. Individual ligand substitutions affect both [4Fe-4S] and [2Fe-2S] cluster coordination suggesting shared coordination or cluster interconversion. Substitutions at C353 and H306 appear to preferentially impact the presence of the [2Fe-2S] cluster complement of the resulting variants of HydF. The results implicate a potential role for these residues in biosynthesis specifically and potential in bridging the [4Fe-4S] cluster to 2Fe subcluster biosynthetic intermediates.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Hydrogenase/metabolism , Iron-Sulfur Proteins/metabolism , Amino Acid Substitution , Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Binding Sites/genetics , Clostridium acetobutylicum/genetics , Clostridium acetobutylicum/metabolism , Cysteine/chemistry , Cysteine/genetics , Cysteine/metabolism , Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial , Histidine/chemistry , Histidine/genetics , Histidine/metabolism , Hydrogenase/chemistry , Hydrogenase/genetics , Iron-Sulfur Proteins/chemistry , Iron-Sulfur Proteins/genetics , Models, Molecular , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, Quaternary , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , SpectrophotometryABSTRACT
Biosynthesis of the unusual organometallic H-cluster at the active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase requires three accessory proteins, two of which are radical AdoMet enzymes (HydE, HydG) and one of which is a GTPase (HydF). We demonstrate here that HydG catalyzes the synthesis of CO using tyrosine as a substrate. CO production was detected by using deoxyhemoglobin as a reporter and monitoring the appearance of the characteristic visible spectroscopic features of carboxyhemoglobin. Assays utilizing (13)C-tyrosine were analyzed by FTIR to confirm the production of HbCO and to demonstrate that the CO product was synthesized from tyrosine. CO ligation is a common feature at the active sites of the [FeFe], [NiFe], and [Fe]-only hydrogenases; however, this is the first report of the enzymatic synthesis of CO in hydrogenase maturation.
