ABSTRACT
The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was determined in a cross-sectional survey in a village in Upper Egypt. Exposure and demographic characteristics were obtained through a questionnaire. Antibody to hepatitis C virus was assessed using a second generation enzyme immunoassay, and the presence of HCV RNA was tested using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Collection of blood samples was targeted at those > or = 5 years old, and obtained from 62.8%. This report describes the community, the HCV infection characteristics of the subjects, and evaluates some factors associated with presence of anti-HCV. Of the 6,031 participants, 522 (8.7%) were anti-HCV positive. Prevalence was higher among males than females (11.3% versus 6.5%; P < 0.001). It was greater among those > 30 years of age than among those < or = 30 years of age (20.0% versus 3.6%; P < 0.001). Those who were less educated, farmed, provided health care, and were currently married had a significantly higher anti-HCV prevalence than those who were not; however, these associations were not significant after adjusting for age. Although active infections with Schistosoma haematobium were not associated with anti-HCV, a history of past infection was (age-adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8, 2.4); 134 persons who had a history of receiving parenteral anti-schistosomal therapy had a higher age-adjusted RR (3.0; 95% CI = 2.5, 3.7) for anti-HCV than those who did not. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected in 62.8% of the anti-HCV positive subjects, without significant variation by age, gender, education, or marital status. The prevalence of anti-HCV in Upper Egypt is high, albeit lower than in Lower Egypt, with continuing but limited transmission indicated by the lower prevalence in residents < or = 30 years old.
Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/immunology , Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , RNA, Viral/blood , Schistosomiasis/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Egypt/epidemiology , Female , Hepacivirus/genetics , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Risk Factors , Rural Health , Schistosomiasis/urine , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Hepatic periportal thickening (HPT) detected by ultrasonography has been established as a reliable tool for measuring hepatic morbidity due to schistosomiasis. During ultrasonographic examination of patients with prolonged pyrexia, we frequently noticed minimal grades of HPT in patients without a history of schistosomiasis. This led to ultrasonographic studies of conditions other than schistosomiasis in which HPT may occur. Subjects included 460 patients with Schistosoma haematobium infection, 107 urban patients with prolonged pyrexia without previous exposure to schistosomiasis, and 288 healthy controls unexposed to schistosomiasis. Grade I HPT was more prevalent (P < 0.001) in patients with pyrexia (56.1%) than in those with S. haematobium (32.2%) and was more frequent (P < 0.001) in patients with S. haematobium than in controls (11.1%). Typhoid fever was the most common febrile illness causing HPT. Grade II lesions were rare in patients with pyrexia (2.8%) or schistosomiasis (0.9%). Grade III lesions were present in only one patient with S. haematobium. Mild grades of HPT can occur in infectious diseases other than schistosomiasis. Cellular infiltration in the portal tract from chronic infectious diseases can frequently give the ultrasonographic appearance of grade I HPT.
