ABSTRACT
Topiramate, an anticonvulsant medication, is an efficacious treatment for alcohol dependence. To date, little is known about genetic moderators of side effects from topiramate. The objective of this study was to examine 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the glutamate receptor GluR5 gene (GRIK1) as predictors of topiramate-induced side effects in the context of a laboratory study of topiramate. Heavy drinkers (n=51, 19 women and 32 men), 75% of whom met criteria for an alcohol use disorder, completed a 5-week dose escalation schedule to a target dose of either 200 or 300 mg or matched placebo. The combined medication groups were compared with placebo-treated individuals for side effects at target dose. Analyses revealed that an SNP in intron 9 of the GRIK1 gene (rs2832407) was associated with the severity of topiramate-induced side effects and with serum levels of topiramate. Genes underlying glutamatergic neurotransmission, such as the GRIK1 gene, may help predict heterogeneity in topiramate-induced side effects. Future studies in larger samples are needed to more fully establish these preliminary findings.
Subject(s)
Alcoholism/drug therapy , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Fructose/analogs & derivatives , Receptors, Kainic Acid/genetics , Adult , Alcoholism/genetics , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Anticonvulsants/pharmacokinetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Fructose/administration & dosage , Fructose/adverse effects , Fructose/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pharmacogenetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Severity of Illness Index , TopiramateABSTRACT
Traditional type I glass containers are becoming more unsuitable for packaging modern diagnostics and drugs. When using certain drugs (high-pH formulations, complexing agents, drugs with low dosage, sensitivity to pH-shift or ion release), product degradation can occur, reducing the drug's performance, potency, and shelf-life. To prevent chemical interaction between the container and the content, a coating technology applying a silicon dioxide layer to the internal container surface can bring the solution.
