ABSTRACT
56 boys diagnosed with gender disturbance, ages 3 to 18 yr. (mean age 8.4 yr.), were classified according to family structure. The proportion of gender-disturbed subjects separated from one or both parents (66%) was significantly higher than the 35% to 48% separated from one or both parents in comparable US general population statistics.
Subject(s)
Divorce/psychology , Gender Identity , Identification, Psychological , Psychosexual Development , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
Three case studies demonstrated that social and monetary reinforcement for abstinence reduced the rate of excessive alcohol drinking in adolescents. The self-monitoring and extrinsic reinforcement procedures (ABA reversal design) resulted in complete abstinence in a 15-year-old boy with a 10-year history of excessive alcohol abuse and hospitalization for an alcohol-induced psychosis. In the cases of the 13-year-old and 15-year-old girls with extensive alcohol abuse histories, the behavioral interventions decreased the rate of alcohol consumption during treatment phases, but alcohol abuse increased markedly with the removal of the intervention procedures.
