ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to characterize perceived social support for young men and transgender women who have sex with men (YM/TWSM) taking HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). METHODS: Mixed-methods study of HIV-negative YM/TWSM of color prescribed oral PrEP. Participants completed egocentric network inventories characterizing their social support networks and identifying PrEP adherence support figures. A subset (n = 31) completed semistructured interviews exploring adherence support and qualities of PrEP support figures. We calculated proportions of role types (e.g., family), individuals disclosed to regarding PrEP use, and PrEP-supportive individuals within each participant network. Interviews were analyzed using an inductive approach. RESULTS: Participants (n = 50) were predominately African American men who have sex with men. Median age was 22 years (interquartile range: 20-23). Biologic family were the most common support figures, reported by 75% of participants (mean family proportion .37 [standard deviation (SD): .31]), followed by 67% reporting friends (mean friend proportion .38 [SD: .36]). Most network members were aware (mean disclosed proportion .74 [SD: .31]) and supportive (mean supportive proportion .87 [SD: .28]) of the participants' PrEP use. Nearly all (98%) participants identified ≥1 figure who provided adherence support; more often friends (48%) than family (36%). Participants characterized support as instrumental (e.g., transportation); emotional (e.g., affection); and social interaction (e.g., taking medication together). Key characteristics of PrEP support figures included closeness, dependability, and homophily (alikeness) with respect to sexual orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Although most YM/TWSM identified family in their support networks, friends were most often cited as PrEP adherence support figures. Interventions to increase PrEP adherence should consider integrated social network and family-based approaches.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Ethnicity/psychology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Homosexuality, Male/psychology , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis , Social Support , Transgender Persons/psychology , Administration, Oral , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Female , HIV Infections/psychology , Homosexuality, Male/ethnology , Humans , Male , Medication Adherence , Self Efficacy , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Young AdultABSTRACT
We aimed to discover barriers and facilitators of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence in young men and transgender women of color who have sex with men (YMSM/TW). Short-term and sustained adherence were measured by urine tenofovir concentration and pharmacy refills, respectively. Optimal adherence was defined as having both urine tenofovir concentration consistent with dose ingestion within 48 h and pharmacy refills consistent with ≥ 4 doses per week use. Participants completed semi-structured interviews exploring adherence barriers and facilitators. Participants (n = 31) were primarily African-American (68%), mean age 22 years (SD: 1.8), and 48% had optimal adherence. Adherence barriers included stigma, health systems inaccessibility, side effects, competing stressors, and low HIV risk perception. Facilitators included social support, health system accessibility, reminders/routines, high HIV risk perception, and personal agency. Our findings identify targets for intervention to improve PrEP adherence in these populations, including augmenting health activation and improving accuracy of HIV risk perception.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Black or African American/psychology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , Homosexuality, Male/ethnology , Homosexuality, Male/psychology , Medication Adherence/ethnology , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods , Transgender Persons/psychology , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Cohort Studies , Female , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/psychology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Services Accessibility , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Medication Adherence/psychology , Philadelphia , Qualitative Research , Risk-Taking , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Social Stigma , Social Support , Tenofovir/administration & dosage , Tenofovir/therapeutic use , Transgender Persons/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
Maximizing the impact of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) requires optimizing access and adherence for those at risk of contracting HIV. This study examined challenges to the processes of accessing and adhering to PrEP encountered by participants from a large, U.S. urban clinical center and assessed the utility of objectively monitoring PrEP adherence via urine. Most participants (65%) reported starting PrEP within 1-3 months of hearing about it, although 35% of participants encountered a provider unwilling to prescribe PrEP. Self-reported adherence was high among this population, with remembering to take the medication reported as the major barrier to adherence (44%) rather than cost or stigma. Urine tenofovir (TFV) monitoring was highly acceptable to this population, and participants indicated greater willingness to undergo urine monitoring every 3 months compared to finger prick (dried blood spot), phlebotomy, or hair follicle testing. These findings highlight the importance of focusing efforts toward reducing obstacles to PrEP use and support the use of urine TFV adherence monitoring as a marker of PrEP adherence.
