Spondylolysis: a review and reappraisal.

The aim of this review was to provide of the current knowledge in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of spondylolysis based on the authors' experience and the pertinent medical literature. Spondylolysis represents a weakness or stress fracture in one of the bony bridges that connect the upper with the lower facet joints of the vertebra. It is the most common cause of low back pain in young athletes. One-half of all paediatric and adolescent back pain in athletic patients is related to various disturbances in the posterior elements including spondylolysis. The most common clinical presentation of spondylolysis is low back pain. This is aggravated by activity and is frequently accompanied by minimal or no physical findings. A pars stress fracture or early spondylolysis are common and a misdiagnosis is often made. Plain radiography with posteroanterior (P-A), lateral and oblique views have proved very useful in the initial diagnostics of low back pain, but imaging studies such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans are more sensitive in the establishment of the diagnosis. Several treatment options are available. Surgical treatment is indicated only for symptomatic cases when conservative methods fail. The fact that early and multiple imaging studies may have a role in the diagnosis of pars lesions and the selection of the optimal treatment approaches is also highlighted.

Intracranial arachnoid cyst associated with traumatic intracystic hemorrhage and subdural haematoma.

BACKGROUND: Brain arachnoid cysts are fluid collections of developmental origin. They are commonly detected incidentally in patients imaged for unrelated symptoms. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 15-year-old healthy boy with a recent history of head trauma experienced headache that gradually worsened over the course of 10 days. He underwent CT and MRI brain scans which revealed the presence of subdural haematoma caused by the rupture of a middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst. This was accompanied by intracystic haemorrhage. The subdural haematoma was removed, while communication of the cyst with the basal cisterns was also performed. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: The annual haemorrhage risk for the patients with middle cranial fossa cysts remains very low. However, when haemorrhage occurs, in most occasions it can be effectively managed only with haematoma evacuation.