Regioselective aliphatic carbon-carbon bond cleavage by a model system of relevance to iron-containing acireductone dioxygenase.

Mononuclear Fe(II) complexes ([(6-Ph(2)TPA)Fe(PhC(O)C(R)C(O)Ph)]X (3-X: R = OH, X = ClO(4) or OTf; 4: R = H, X = ClO(4))) supported by the 6-Ph(2)TPA chelate ligand (6-Ph(2)TPA = N,N-bis((6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and containing a ß-diketonate ligand bound via a six-membered chelate ring have been synthesized. The complexes have all been characterized by (1)H NMR, UV-vis, and infrared spectroscopy and variably by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Treatment of dry CH(3)CN solutions of 3-OTf with O(2) leads to oxidative cleavage of the C(1)-C(2) and C(2)-C(3) bonds of the acireductone via a dioxygenase reaction, leading to formation of carbon monoxide and 2 equiv of benzoic acid as well as two other products not derived from dioxygenase reactivity: 2-oxo-2-phenylethylbenzoate and benzil. Treatment of CH(3)CN/H(2)O solutions of 3-X with O(2) leads to the formation of an additional product, benzoylformic acid, indicative of the operation of a new reaction pathway in which only the C(1)-C(2) bond is cleaved. Mechanistic studies show that the change in regioselectivity is due to the hydration of a vicinal triketone intermediate in the presence of both an iron center and water. This is the first structural and functional model of relevance to iron-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD'), an enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway that catalyzes the regiospecific oxidation of 1,2-dihydroxy-3-oxo-(S)-methylthiopentene to form 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate. Importantly, this model system is found to control the regioselectivity of aliphatic carbon-carbon bond cleavage by changes involving an intermediate in the reaction pathway, rather than by the binding mode of the substrate, as had been proposed in studies of acireductone enzymes.

Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of a macrocyclic Rh(III) complex by chromium(II) ions: pH-controlled selectivity to rhodium(II) vs. rhodium(III) hydride.

Aqueous chromium(II) ions reduce a macrocyclic Rh(III) complex L(1)(H(2)O)(2)Rh(3+) (L(1) = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) to the hydride L(1)(H(2)O)RhH(2+) in two discrete, one-electron steps. The first step generates L(1)(H(2)O)Rh(2+) with kinetics that are first order in each rhodium(III) complex and Cr(H(2)O)(6)(2+), and inverse in [H(+)], k/M(-1) s(-1) = 0.065/(0.0031 + [H(+)]). Further reduction of L(1)(H(2)O)Rh(2+) to L(1)(H(2)O)RhH(2+) is kinetically independent of [H(+)], k/M(-1) s(-1) = 0.30. The difference in [H(+)] dependence allows relative rates of the two steps to be manipulated to generate either L(1)(H(2)O)Rh(2+) or L(1)(H(2)O)RhH(2+) as the final product.

Base-catalyzed insertion of dioxygen into rhodium-hydrogen bonds: kinetics and mechanism.

The reaction between molecular oxygen and rhodium hydrides L(OH)RhH(+) (L = (NH(3))(4), trans-L(1), and cis-L(1), where L(1) = cyclam) in basic aqueous solutions rapidly produces the corresponding hydroperoxo complexes. Over the pH range 8 < pH < 12, the kinetics exhibit a first order dependence on [OH(-)]. The dependence on [O(2)] is less than first order and approaches saturation at the highest concentrations used. These data suggest an attack by OH(-) at the hydride with k = (1.45 +/- 0.25) x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) for trans-L(1)(OH)RhH(+) at 25 degrees C, resulting in heterolytic cleavage of the Rh-H bond and formation of a reactive Rh(I) intermediate. A competition between O(2) and H(2)O for Rh(I) is the source of the observed dependence on O(2). In support of this mechanism, there is a significant kinetic isotope effect for the initial step, L(1)(OH(D))RhH(D)(+) + OH(D)(-) k(1)/k(-1) L(1)(OH(D))Rh(I) + H(D)(2)O, k(1H)/k(1D) = 1.7, and k(-1H)/k(-1D) = 3.0. The activation parameters for k(1) for trans-L(1)(OH)RhH(+) are DeltaH(++) = 64.6 +/- 1.3 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS(++) = 40 +/-4 J mol(-1) K(-1).

Oxidation of a water-soluble phosphine and some spectroscopic probes with nitric oxide and nitrous acid in aqueous solutions.

In acidic aqueous solutions, nitrogen monoxide oxidizes monosulfonated triphenylphosphine, TPPMS(-), to the corresponding phosphine oxide. The NO-derived product is N(2)O. This chemistry parallels that reported for the reaction of NO with the unsubstituted triphenylphosphine in nonpolar organic solvents, but the rate constant measured in this work, 5.14 x 10(6) M(-2) s(-1), is greater by several orders of magnitude. This makes TPPMS(-) a useful analytical reagent for NO in aqueous solution. The increased rate constant in the present work appears to be a medium effect, and unrelated to the introduction of a single sulfonate group in the phosphine. The reaction between nitrous acid and TPPMS(-) has a 2:1 [TPPMS(-)]/[HNO(2)] stoichiometry and generates NH(2)OH quantitatively. The rate law, rate = 4k(d)[HNO(2)](2)[TPPMS(-)], identifies the second-order self-reaction of HNO(2) as the rate-limiting step that generates the active oxidant(s) for the fast subsequent reaction with TPPMS(-). It appears that the active oxidant is N(2)O(3), although the oxides NO and NO(2) derived from it may be also involved. Bimolecular self-reaction of HNO(2) also precedes the oxidations of ABTS(2-) and TMPD. Competing with this path are the acid-catalyzed oxidations of both reagents via NO(+).

Kinetics of oxidation of an organic amine with a Cr(V) salen complex in homogeneous aqueous solution and on the surface of mesoporous silica.

A comparative study of catalytic activity under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions was carried out using the (salen)Cr(III)-catalyzed oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) with iodosobenzene as a model reaction. Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were synthesized in a co-condensation reaction and functionalized with salen via a covalent Si-C bond. A Cr(III) complex of this supported ligand, MSN-(salen)Cr(III), was prepared and characterized. Data from powder XRD, BET isotherms and BJH pore size distribution all showed that MSN-(salen)Cr(III) still had the typical MSN high surface area, narrow pore size distribution, and ordered hexagonal pore structure, which were further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. (13)C and (29)Si solid-state NMR data provided structural information about the catalyst and verified successful functionalization of the salen ligand and coordination to Cr(III). No unreacted salen or Cr(III) were observed. The loadings of salen and salen-Cr(III) complex were determined via TGA and EDX, respectively. Both measurements indicated that approximately 0.5 mmol/g of catalyst was loaded on the surface of MSN. The oxidation of TMB with iodosobenzene using MSN-(salen)Cr(III) as a heterogeneous catalyst exhibited both similarities and differences with the analogous homogeneous reaction using (salen)Cr(III)(H(2)O)(+) as a catalyst in aqueous acetonitrile. In the presence of 0.10 M HClO(4), the two catalytic reactions proceeded at similar rates and generated the doubly oxidized product TMB(2+). In the absence of acid, the radical cation TMB (+) was produced. The kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction in the absence of added acid responded to concentrations of all three reagents, i.e. (salen)Cr(III), TMB, and PhIO.

Thermodynamics of oxygen activation by macrocyclic complexes of rhodium.

The oxidation of ABTS2- [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)] with a superoxorhodium(III) complex, L2(H2O)RhOO2+ (L2 = meso-hexamethylcyclam) is characterized by an acid-dependent equilibrium constant, log(Ke/[H+]) = 4.91 +/- 0.10 in the pH range of 4.89-6.49. This equilibrium constant was used to calculate the reduction potential for the L2(H2O)RhOO2+/L2(H2O)RhOOH2+ couple, E0 = 0.97 V vs NHE. The pH dependence of the kinetics of the L2(H2O)RhOOH2+/I- reaction yielded the acid dissociation constant for the coordinated water in L2(H2O)RhOOH2+, pKa = 6.9. Spectrophotometric pH titrations provided pKa = 6.6 for the superoxo complex, L2(H2O)RhOO2+. The combination of the two pKa values with the reduction potential measured in acidic solutions yielded the reduction potential E0 = 0.95 V for the L2(HO)RhOO+/L2(HO)RhOOH+ couple. Thermochemical calculations yielded the bond-dissociation free energy of the L2(H2O)RhOO-H2+ bond as 315 kJ/mol at 298 K.

Amide hydrolysis reactivity of a N4O-ligated zinc complex: comparison of kinetic and themodynamic parameters with those of the corresponding amide methanolysis reaction.

Treatment of the mononuclear amide-appended zinc complex [(ppbpa)Zn](ClO4)2 (1(ClO4)2) with Me4NOH.5H2O in CD3CN/D2O (3:1) results in the formation of the deprotonated amide species [(ppbpa-)Zn]ClO4 (2). Upon heating in CD3CN/D2O, this complex undergoes amide hydrolysis to produce a zinc carboxylate product, [(ambpa)Zn(O2CC(CH3)3)]ClO4 (3). X-ray crystallography, 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis were used to characterize 3. The hydrolysis reaction of 1(ClO4)2 exhibits saturation kinetic behavior with respect to the concentration of D2O. Variable-temperature kinetic studies of the amide hydrolysis reaction yielded DeltaH++ = 18.0(5) kcal/mol and DeltaS++ = -22(2) eu. These activation parameters are compared to those of the corresponding amide methanolysis reaction of 1(ClO4)2.

Acireductone dioxygenase- (ARD-) type reactivity of a nickel(II) complex having monoanionic coordination of a model substrate: product identification and comparisons to unreactive analogues.

A mononuclear Ni(II) complex ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)C(OH)C(O)Ph)]ClO4 (1)), supported by the 6-Ph2TPA chelate ligand (6-Ph2TPA = N,N-bis((6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) and containing a cis-beta-keto-enolate ligand having a C2 hydroxyl substituent, undergoes reaction with O2 to produce a Ni(II) monobenzoate complex ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(O2CPh)]ClO4 (3)), CO, benzil (PhC(O)C(O)Ph), benzoic acid, and other minor unidentified phenyl-containing products. Complex 3 has been identified through independent synthesis and was characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR, FAB-MS, FTIR, and elemental analysis. A series of cis-beta-keto-enolate Ni(II) complexes supported by the 6-Ph2TPA ligand ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)CHC(O)Ph)]ClO4 (4), [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3)]ClO4 (5), and [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)CHC(O)C(O)Ph) (6)) have been prepared and characterized. While these complexes exhibit structural and/or spectroscopic similarity to 1, all are unreactive with O2. The results of this study are discussed in terms of relevance to Ni(II)-containing acireductone dioxygenase enzymes, as well as in the context of recently reported cofactor-free, quercetin, and beta-diketone dioxygenases.

Carboxylate coordination chemistry of a mononuclear Ni(II) center in a hydrophobic or hydrogen bond donor secondary environment: relevance to acireductone dioxygenase.

A series of Ni(II) carboxylate complexes, supported by a chelate ligand having either secondary hydrophobic phenyl groups (6-Ph2TPA, N,N-bis((6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) or hydrogen bond donors (bnpapa, N,N-bis((6-neopentylamino-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine), have been prepared and characterized. X-ray crystallographic studies of [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(O2C(CH2)2SCH3)]ClO4.CH2Cl2 (4.CH2Cl2) and [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(O2CCH2SCH3)]ClO(4).1.5CH2Cl2 (5.1.5CH2Cl2) revealed that each complex contains a distorted octahedral Ni(II) center and a bidentate carboxylate ligand. A previously described benzoate complex ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(O2CPh)]ClO4 (3)) has similar structural characteristics. Recrystallization of dry powdered samples of 3, 4.0.5CH2Cl2, and 5 from wet organic solvents yielded a second series of crystalline Ni(II) carboxylate complexes having a coordinated monodentate carboxylate ligand ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(H2O)(O2CPh)]ClO4 (6), [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(H2O)(O2C(CH2)2SCH3)]ClO4.0.2CH2Cl2 (7.0.2CH2Cl2), [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(H2O)(O2CCH2SCH3)]ClO4 (8)) which is stabilized by a hydrogen-bonding interaction with a Ni(II)-bound water molecule. In the cationic portions of 7.0.2CH2Cl2 and 8, weak CH/pi interactions are also present between the methylene units of the carboxylate ligands and the phenyl appendages of the 6-Ph2TPA ligands. A formate complex of the formulation [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(H2O)(O2CH)]ClO4 (9) was isolated and characterized. The mononuclear Ni(II) carboxylate complexes [(bnpapa)Ni(O2CPh)]ClO4 (10), [(bnpapa)Ni(O2C(CH2)2SCH3)]ClO4 (11), [(bnpapa)Ni(O2CCH2SCH3)]ClO4 (12), and [(bnpapa)Ni(O2CH)]ClO4 (13) were isolated and characterized. Two crystalline solvate forms of 10 (10.CH3CN and 10.CH2Cl2) were examined by X-ray crystallography. In both, the distorted octahedral Ni(II) center is ligated by a bidentate benzoate ligand, one Ni(II)-bound oxygen atom of which accepts two hydrogen bonds from the supporting bnpapa chelate ligand. Spectroscopic studies of 10(-13) suggest that all contain a bidentate carboxylate ligand, even after exposure to water. The combined results of this work enable the formulation of a proposed pathway for carboxylate product release from the active site Ni(II) center in acireductone dioxygenase.

Influence of the chelate ligand structure on the amide methanolysis reactivity of mononuclear zinc complexes.

Zinc complexes of three new amide-appended ligands have been prepared and isolated. These complexes, [(dpppa)Zn](ClO4)2 (4(ClO4)2; dpppa = N-((N,N-diethylamino)ethyl)-N-((6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine), [(bdppa)Zn](ClO4)2 (6(ClO4)2; bdppa = N,N-bis((N,N-diethylamino)ethyl)-N-((6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl)amine), and [(epppa)Zn](ClO4)2 (8(ClO4)2; epppa = N-((2-ethylthio)ethyl)-N-((6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine), have been characterized by X-ray crystallography (4(ClO4)2 and 8(ClO4)2), 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. Treatment of 4(ClO4)2 or 8(ClO4)2 with 1 equiv of Me4NOH.5H2O in methanol-acetonitrile (5:3) results in amide methanolysis, as determined by the recovery of primary amine-appended forms of the chelate ligand following removal of the zinc ion. These reactions proceed via the initial formation of a deprotonated amide intermediate ([(dpppa-)Zn]ClO4 (5) and [(epppa-)Zn]ClO4 (9)) which in each case has been isolated and characterized (1H and 13C NMR, IR, elemental analysis). Treatment of 6(ClO4)2 with Me4NOH.5H2O in methanol-acetonitrile results in the formation of a deprotonated amide complex, [(bdppa-)Zn]ClO4 (7), which was isolated and characterized. This complex does not undergo amide methanolysis after prolonged heating in a methanol-acetonitrile mixture. Kinetic studies and construction of Eyring plots for the amide methanolysis reactions of 4(ClO4)2 and 8(ClO4)2 yielded thermodynamic parameters that provide a rationale for the relative rates of the amide methanolysis reactions. Overall, we propose that the mechanistic pathway for these amide methanolysis reactions involves reaction of the deprotonated amide complex with methanol to produce a zinc methoxide species, the reactivity of which depends, at least in part, on the steric hindrance imparted by the supporting chelate ligand. Amide methanolysis involving a zinc complex supported by a N2S2 donor chelate ligand (3(ClO4)2) is more complicated, as in addition to the formation of a deprotonated amide intermediate free chelate ligand is present in the reaction mixture.