Review of the Multiscale Effects of Female Sex Hormones on Matrix Metalloproteinase-Mediated Collagen Degradation.

Collagenases and gelatinases regulate many physiological processes and are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various disease states, such as osteoarthritis, renal fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. These enzymes belong to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family and are regulated by a number of factors, including sex hormones. Estrogen, relaxin, and progesterone can alter the balance between tissue degradation and repair by modulating MMPs, leading to gender disparities in many MMP-related disease states. In these diseases, MMPs initiate collagen degradation at the nanoscale when they cleave and denature collagen molecules. However, the net effect on tissue is generally observed at the macroscale. To understand how nanoscale events lead to macroscale changes, we must examine the intermediate scales. In this article, we review the literature that examines the effects of estrogen, relaxin, and progesterone on MMP production and activity, connecting the nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale details to relevant disease states.

Antifouling glycocalyx-mimetic peptoids.

The glycocalyx of the cell is composed of highly hydrated saccharidic groups conjugated to protein and lipid cores. Although components of the glycocalyx are important in cell-cell interactions and other specific biological recognition events, a fundamental role of the glycocalyx is the inhibition of nonspecific interactions at the cell surface. Inspired by glycoproteins present in the glycocalyx, we describe a new class of synthetic antifouling polymer composed of saccharide containing N-substituted polypeptide (glycopeptoid). Grafting of glycopeptoids to a solid surface resulted in a biomimetic shielding layer that dramatically reduced nonspecific protein, fibroblast, and bacterial cell attachment. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation of grafted glycopeptoids revealed an aqueous interface enriched in highly hydrated saccharide residues. In comparison to saccharide-free peptoids, the interfacial saccharide residues of glycopeptoids formed a higher number of hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Moreover, these hydrogen bonds displayed a longer persistence time, which we believe contributed to fouling resistance by impeding interactions with biomolecules. Our findings suggest that the fouling resistance of glycopeptoids can be explained by the presence of both a 'water barrier' effect associated with the hydrated saccharide residues as well as steric hindrance from the polymer backbone.