ABSTRACT
Long-term changes in synaptic strength form the basis of learning and memory. These changes rely upon energy-demanding mechanisms, which are regulated by local Ca2+ signalling. Mitochondria are optimised for providing energy and buffering Ca2+. However, our understanding of the role of mitochondria in regulating synaptic plasticity is incomplete. Here, we have used optical and electrophysiological techniques in cultured hippocampal neurons and ex vivo hippocampal slices from mice with haploinsufficiency of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU+/-) to address whether reducing mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake alters synaptic transmission and plasticity. We found that cultured MCU+/- hippocampal neurons have impaired Ca2+ clearance, and consequently enhanced synaptic vesicle fusion at presynapses occupied by mitochondria. Furthermore, long-term potentiation (LTP) at mossy fibre (MF) synapses, a process which is dependent on presynaptic Ca2+ accumulation, is enhanced in MCU+/- slices. Our results reveal a previously unrecognised role for mitochondria in regulating presynaptic plasticity of a major excitatory pathway involved in learning and memory.
Subject(s)
Long-Term Potentiation , Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal , Mice , Animals , Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal/metabolism , Long-Term Potentiation/physiology , Calcium/metabolism , Haploinsufficiency , Synapses/metabolism , Synaptic Transmission/physiology , Mitochondria/metabolismABSTRACT
The spatiotemporal distribution of mitochondria is crucial for precise ATP provision and calcium buffering required to support neuronal signaling. Fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV+) have a high mitochondrial content reflecting their large energy utilization. The importance for correct trafficking and precise mitochondrial positioning remains poorly elucidated in inhibitory neurons. Miro1 is a Ca²+-sensing adaptor protein that links mitochondria to the trafficking apparatus, for their microtubule-dependent transport along axons and dendrites, in order to meet the metabolic and Ca2+-buffering requirements of the cell. Here, we explore the role of Miro1 in PV+ interneurons and how changes in mitochondrial trafficking could alter network activity in the mouse brain. By employing live and fixed imaging, we found that the impairments in Miro1-directed trafficking in PV+ interneurons altered their mitochondrial distribution and axonal arborization, while PV+ interneuron-mediated inhibition remained intact. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the ex vivo hippocampal γ-oscillation (30-80 Hz) frequency and promoted anxiolysis. Our findings show that precise regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in PV+ interneurons is crucial for proper neuronal signaling and network synchronization.
Subject(s)
Interneurons/physiology , Parvalbumins/metabolism , rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Behavior, Animal , Female , Genotype , Hippocampus , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Mice, Transgenic , Mitochondria/physiology , Parvalbumins/genetics , rho GTP-Binding Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
GABAA receptors mediate fast inhibitory transmission in the brain, and their number can be rapidly up- or downregulated to alter synaptic strength. Neuroligin-2 plays a critical role in the stabilization of synaptic GABAA receptors and the development and maintenance of inhibitory synapses. To date, little is known about how the amount of neuroligin-2 at the synapse is regulated and whether neuroligin-2 trafficking affects inhibitory signaling. Here, we show that neuroligin-2, when internalized to endosomes, co-localizes with SNX27, a brain-enriched cargo-adaptor protein that facilitates membrane protein recycling. Direct interaction between the PDZ domain of SNX27 and PDZ-binding motif in neuroligin-2 enables membrane retrieval of neuroligin-2, thus enhancing synaptic neuroligin-2 clusters. Furthermore, SNX27 knockdown has the opposite effect. SNX27-mediated up- and downregulation of neuroligin-2 surface levels affects inhibitory synapse composition and signaling strength. Taken together, we show a role for SNX27-mediated recycling of neuroligin-2 in maintenance and signaling of the GABAergic synapse.
Subject(s)
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Sorting Nexins/metabolism , Animals , COS Cells , Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics , Chlorocebus aethiops , Endosomes/metabolism , Female , HeLa Cells , Humans , Male , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction , Sorting Nexins/geneticsABSTRACT
Altered excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance is implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, but the underlying genetic etiology remains poorly understood. Copy number variations in CYFIP1 are associated with autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability, but its role in regulating synaptic inhibition or E/I balance remains unclear. We show that CYFIP1, and the paralog CYFIP2, are enriched at inhibitory postsynaptic sites. While CYFIP1 or CYFIP2 upregulation increases excitatory synapse number and the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), it has the opposite effect at inhibitory synapses, decreasing their size and the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Contrary to CYFIP1 upregulation, its loss in vivo, upon conditional knockout in neocortical principal cells, increases expression of postsynaptic GABAA receptor ß2/3-subunits and neuroligin 3, enhancing synaptic inhibition. Thus, CYFIP1 dosage can bi-directionally impact inhibitory synaptic structure and function, potentially leading to altered E/I balance and circuit dysfunction in CYFIP1-associated neurological disorders.
Subject(s)
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics , Autistic Disorder/genetics , Brain/physiology , Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials , Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials , Schizophrenia/genetics , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism , Animals , Brain/cytology , Brain/metabolism , COS Cells , Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Chlorocebus aethiops , Female , Gene Deletion , Male , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, GABA/metabolism , Synapses/metabolism , Synapses/physiologyABSTRACT
We have synthesized a novel small molecule based on the pyrrolidinone-containing core structure of clausenamide, which is a candidate anti-dementia drug. The synthetic route yielded multi-gram quantities of an isomeric racemate mixture in a short number of steps. When tested in hippocampal slices from young adult rats the compound enhanced AMPA receptor-mediated signalling at mossy fibre synapses, and potentiated inward currents evoked by local application of l-glutamate onto CA3 pyramidal neurons. It facilitated the induction of mossy fibre LTP, but the magnitude of potentiation was smaller than that observed in untreated slices. The racemic mixture was separated and it was shown that only the (-) enantiomer was active. Toxicity analysis indicated that cell lines tolerated the compound at concentrations well above those enhancing synaptic transmission. Our results unveil a small molecule whose physiological signature resembles that of a potent nootropic drug.
Subject(s)
Nootropic Agents/pharmacology , Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology , Receptors, AMPA/metabolism , Synaptic Transmission/drug effects , Animals , CA3 Region, Hippocampal/drug effects , CA3 Region, Hippocampal/physiology , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects , Male , Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal/drug effects , Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal/physiology , Nootropic Agents/chemistry , Pyrrolidinones/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
An intramolecular acylal cyclisation (IAC) approach to the synthesis of a range of bicyclic heterocycles is reported. As an example of the utility of the IAC reaction, the methodology was applied in a protecting-group-free five-step total synthesis of (±)-γ-lycorane, incorporating a new intramolecular Heck addition reaction to generate the pentacyclic core structure of the natural product in good yield.
