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1.
Pol J Vet Sci ; 23(3): 333-340, 2020 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33006860

ABSTRACT

Previous morphological studies of mammalian pancreatic islets have been performed mainly in domestic and laboratory animals. Therefore, the present immunohistochemical investigation was conducted in a wild species, the European bison, using antibodies against glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), glucagon, insulin and somatostatin. Morphological analyses revealed that the mean area of the endocrine pancreas constituted 2.1±0.1% of the whole area of the pancreas, while the mean area of a single pancreatic islet was 13301.5±686.5 µm2. Glucagon-immunoreac- tive cells accounted for 22.4±1.1% and occupied 19.4±0.4% of the average islet area. As many as 14.3±1.4% of pancreatic islet cells were shown to express GLP1, which constituted 12.6±0.8% of the mean area of the islet. Insulin expression was confirmed in 67.6±0.7% of pancreatic islet cells, which represented 62.3±4.9% of the mean total area of the pancreatic islet. As many as 8.5±1.3% of cells stained for somatostatin. The somatostatin-immunoreactive cell area was 4.9±0.3% of the mean pancreatic islet area. In summary, we have determined in detail for the first time the morphometry and islet composition of the European bison pancreas. The distri- bution patterns of immunoreactivities to the substances studied in the European bison show many similarities to those described in other ruminant species.


Subject(s)
Bison , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Immunohistochemistry , Pancreas/metabolism , Animals , Glucagon/genetics , Glucagon/metabolism , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/genetics , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism , Insulin/genetics , Insulin/metabolism , Male , Somatostatin/genetics , Somatostatin/metabolism
2.
Poult Sci ; 98(11): 5613-5621, 2019 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31222275

ABSTRACT

This study focused on analyzing the effects of inclusion of modern hybrid rye to corn-wheat diet on mechanical properties of bones and tendons. A total of 224 broiler chickens were fed a diet without rye inclusion or a diet containing 15% of hybrid rye cv. Brasetto. The diets were either unsupplemented or supplemented with xylanase (minimum activity 1000 FXU/g, dose 200 mg/kg of feed). Each dietary group consisted of 56 birds. On day 42, selected chickens (n = 7 from each group) were slaughtered. Tibia were analyzed for mineralization, geometry, and biomechanical characteristics of bone mid-diaphysis. The mechanical properties of digital flexor III tendon were also assessed. Bone mineral density and bone ash percentage did not differ when both diets were given without xylanase. Enzyme supplementation increased bone mineral density (P < 0.01) in both dietary groups, whereas bone ash percentage (P < 0.01) increased only for corn-wheat diet. Rye inclusion had no effect on bone mid-shaft geometrical traits related to tibia weight-bearing capacity (cross-sectional area, cortical index, and mean relative wall thickness). Performed bending test showed no effect of hybrid rye inclusion on bone mechanical endurance. When xylanase was supplemented, bone length (P < 0.01) and weight (P < 0.05) decreased, whereas yield load (P < 0.01), stiffness (P < 0.05), Young modulus (P < 0.05), elastics stress (P < 0.01), and ultimate stress (P < 0.01) increased, irrespective of rye presence. The tendon tensile strain test showed that in corn-wheat diet enzyme supplementation positively influenced rupture force (P < 0.05) and tendon stiffness (P < 0.01). Xylanase supplementation increased the value of energy required to tendon rupture, irrespective of rye inclusion (P < 0.05). Study showed that modern hybrid rye varieties can be introduced to corn-wheat diets of broiler chickens in the aspect of animal welfare related to the development and homeostasis of musculoskeletal system, irrespective of xylanase supplementation. The enzyme addition positively affected biomechanical properties of bones and tendons.


Subject(s)
Bone and Bones/physiology , Chickens/physiology , Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/metabolism , Secale/chemistry , Tendons/physiology , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/drug effects , Animals , Biomechanical Phenomena , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/administration & dosage , Male , Random Allocation , Triticum/chemistry , Zea mays/chemistry
3.
Animal ; 13(12): 2773-2781, 2019 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31113501

ABSTRACT

Gut microbiota have been shown to play a critical role in the maintenance of host health. Probiotics, which regulate gut microbiota balance, could serve as an effective alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Since changes in the gastrointestinal tract, caused by a variety of different strains, groups and amounts of microorganisms, may be reflected in its histological structure, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of rising doses of a mixed probiotic preparation on the structure and development of the small intestine of female turkeys. Eighty, three-day-old, healthy, female turkeys (Big-6 breed) were used in the current (16-week) study. The turkeys were randomly allocated to four weight-matched (59.70 ± 0.83 g) groups (n = 20), according to probiotic treatment dose (0, 107 cfu•g-1, 108 cfu•g-1 or 109 cfu•g-1, in 500 g•1000 kg-1) (cfu - a colony-forming unit). Three, non-genetically modified strains of probiotic cultures obtained from poultry, four bacterial and one yeast culture, were used. Histomorphometric analysis of the structure of the small intestinal wall of the duodenum and jejunum was performed. All probiotic doses used in the current study exerted a beneficial effect on the histological structure of the small intestine; however, the observed effect was dose and region dependent. Significant increases in villi height, crypt depth, villi and crypt width, mucosa thickness, epithelial height, enterocyte number, absorption surface and intestinal ganglia geometric indices were observed, specifically in the duodenum of birds receiving an intermediate dose of probiotic (108 cfu•g-1). The probiotic doses used in the current study differed significantly in their effect on the small intestine (P < 0.01), with the intermediate dose (108 cfu•g-1) significantly improving 58% of the parameters assessed, compared to the control. The duodenum was more susceptible to the favourable effects of the probiotic than the jejunum (56% v. 31% improvement in the parameters assessed) (P < 0.01). The weakest favourable effect was observed in the group that received the highest dose of probiotic.


Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements/analysis , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Probiotics/administration & dosage , Turkeys/anatomy & histology , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Body Weight , Diet/veterinary , Enterocytes/drug effects , Female , Gastrointestinal Tract/anatomy & histology , Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Intestine, Small/anatomy & histology , Intestine, Small/drug effects , Random Allocation
4.
J Anim Sci ; 90 Suppl 4: 324-6, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23365368

ABSTRACT

The exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) pigs grow less due to different disturbances in feed digestion, absorption, and retention. Use of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin in pigs may improve feed use and performance in slow-growing pigs. The aim was to study gut recovery and effectiveness of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin supplementation on pig performance. Six male pigs 10 to 12 kg BW underwent pancreatic duct ligation surgery to induce total exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Three cannulas to access the gastrointestinal tract content were installed in stomach, duodenum, and ileum in EPI pigs and in 3 control (healthy) pigs. One month after surgery, enzymes were given before feeding and digesta samples were collected for analyses. The BW of EPI pigs did not increase during 1 mo following surgery (11.7 vs. 11.6 kg BW); however, BW increased after 1 wk of enzyme supplementation (12.1 kg BW). Coefficient of fat and N absorption increased (P < 0.05) in EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation. Activity of amylase, lipase, and protease in chyme samples of EPI pigs was very low compared to controls. In EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation, amylase activity increased from 5.32 to 72.9 units/mL but remained lower than that of healthy pigs (162.7 units/mL). Lipase activity increased from 79.1 to 421.6 units/mL, which was similar to that of controls (507.3 units/mL). Proteolytic activity increased from 7.8 to 69.7 units/mL but still did not reach control pigs (164.3 units/mL). In conclusion, exogenous microbial enzymes mimic endogenous pancreatic enzymes being recovered along the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These enzymes might be a useful tool to stimulate growth of slower-growing pigs after the weaning period.


Subject(s)
Amylases/pharmacology , Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/veterinary , Lipase/pharmacology , Pancreatic Ducts/surgery , Peptide Hydrolases/pharmacology , Swine Diseases/pathology , Amylases/administration & dosage , Amylases/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/metabolism , Feces/chemistry , Lipase/administration & dosage , Lipase/metabolism , Male , Peptide Hydrolases/administration & dosage , Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism , Swine , Swine Diseases/metabolism
5.
J Physiol Pharmacol ; 56 Suppl 3: 71-87, 2005 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16077196

ABSTRACT

Modifications in the structure of gastrointestinal mucosa is often used to evaluate gut function for instance during the development or in response to particular food components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) gives a chance to observe the surface of the gut epithelium in three dimensions. However, this technique is seldom used due to technical difficulties. The present study attempted to investigate the intestinal mucosa structure changes in the postnatal pig using light and scanning electron microscopy technique. Experiments were carried out on sow reared piglets from birth until 38 days of age. Piglets were sacrificed at birth and at the 3(rd), 7(th), 21(st) and 38(th) day of life. The entire gastrointestinal tract was immediately harvested and the whole thickness tissue samples were taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum for optical and scanning electron microscopy. SEM analyses corroborated with histometry made by optical microscopy. Moreover, a number of shape modifications of the villi and its surface have been observed. The development changes in small intestine mucosa during the first 3 weeks were manifested in shape, size and density of villi. In conclusion, the structure of small intestinal mucosa undergoes profound structural changes. SEM gives a new dimension in the investigation of gut mucosa.


Subject(s)
Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure , Intestine, Small/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Apoptosis , Duodenum/ultrastructure , Enterocytes/ultrastructure , Goblet Cells/ultrastructure , Ileum/ultrastructure , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Intestinal Mucosa/growth & development , Intestine, Small/growth & development , Jejunum/ultrastructure , Microvilli/ultrastructure , Swine
6.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) ; 89(11-12): 419-26, 2005 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16401194

ABSTRACT

To study the absorption, metabolism and kinetics, the AKG (in different concentrations) was administered intravenously, intra-portally, orally and directly into the ileum or duodenum of pigs, chronically fitted with portal and jugular catheters and T-shaped cannula at the duodenum and ileum. Additionally, this study was conducted to determine the influence of low pH, Fe(2+) or/and SO on AKG gut absorption and conversely FeSO(4) and FeSO(4)/AKG on Fe(2+) gut absorption. It is concluded that AKG was significantly better absorbed from the upper small intestine than from the distal sections. Furthermore, low pH, Fe(2+) and/or SO ions enhanced AKG absorption. The AKG administered to the portal vein was rapidly eliminated from the blood (half-life less than 5 min). The short lifetime for AKG is probably dependent on quick metabolism in the enteorcyetes and liver. However, the prolonged half-life can be related to its low AKG blood concentration. The Fe(2+) concentrations in blood increased after FeSO(4) and FeSO(4)/AKG duodenal infusion. The implication of above observations is important for practical application of the AKG in animal and human nutrition as well in medicine.


Subject(s)
Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Iron/pharmacology , Ketoglutaric Acids/administration & dosage , Ketoglutaric Acids/pharmacokinetics , Swine/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animal Feed , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Area Under Curve , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enterocytes/metabolism , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Infusions, Intravenous/veterinary , Iron/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Male , Portal Vein/metabolism , Random Allocation , Swine/blood
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