Composite super-moiré lattices in double-aligned graphene heterostructures.

When two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals are brought into close proximity to form a van der Waals heterostructure, neighbouring crystals may influence each other's properties. Of particular interest is when the two crystals closely match and a moiré pattern forms, resulting in modified electronic and excitonic spectra, crystal reconstruction, and more. Thus, moiré patterns are a viable tool for controlling the properties of 2D materials. However, the difference in periodicity of the two crystals limits the reconstruction and, thus, is a barrier to the low-energy regime. Here, we present a route to spectrum reconstruction at all energies. By using graphene which is aligned to two hexagonal boron nitride layers, one can make electrons scatter in the differential moiré pattern which results in spectral changes at arbitrarily low energies. Further, we demonstrate that the strength of this potential relies crucially on the atomic reconstruction of graphene within the differential moiré super cell.

[The "watermelon" stomach as a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding]. / A görögdinnyegyomor, mint a felsó gastrointestinalis vérvesztés ritka oka--sikeres hormonterápia.

The watermelon stomach is a rare subtype of the gastric vascular malformations of unknown origin. It can usually be observed with autoimmune diseases, but in can be associated with other conditions. It is significant, since it can cause chronic iron-deficiency anaemia or sometimes serious acute blood loss. The typical endoscopic picture is linear red streaking of the antrum with convergence at the pylorus with visible tortuous small vessels. Histological examination is frequently not diagnostic. It demonstrates specific features including dilated mucosal capillaries with focal thrombi, dilated submucosal venous plexus and fibromuscular hyperplasia of the lamina propria. Therapy mostly is endoscopic, but some medical possibilities are also known. In their paper they report two cases of watermelon stomach, the lesions were successfully treated with oestrogen-progesterone compounds.

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis preceding systemic lupus erythematosus.

Necrotizing histiocytic lymphadenopathy (NHL) is a rarely observed clinical entity that is occasionally associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The histological features of the condition have been considered to be indistinguishable from those of lymphadenitis in subjects with SLE, and the clinical symptoms of the two disorders share common features. This report presents the case history of a subject who developed SLE with central nervous system involvement 3 years following onset of Kikuchi's disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis). Repeated lymph node biopsies confirmed the diagnosis in relation to the clinical progression. A review of the literature on this topic is also presented.

Physical injury as a provoking factor in three patients with scleroderma.

A 51-year-old female developed linear-like scleroderma in the left thigh following a linear wound caused by a car accident. 27 years later she also developed a typical diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis with extensive skin involvement and bibasilar pulmonary fibrosis. The second case is a 39-year-old female who had a history of Raynaud's phenomenon since early childhood. She developed a morphea following a burning injury of the left thigh. 17 years later she also developed a typical limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis with sclerodactyly, skin ulcers and subcutaneous calcinosis. The third case is a 43-year-old female who developed a typical morphea of the right elbow around the site of a previous local corticosteroid injection. The two remarkable points of these 3 cases are the possible role of physical injury in the provocation of localized scleroderma and in the first 2 cases the unusual later development of a systemic form of scleroderma.

Watermelon-stomach as a cause of chronic iron deficiency anemia in a patient with systemic sclerosis.

Watermelon-stomach is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. There has been an increasing number of reports on the association of this lesion with diseases of the scleroderma group, causing chronic, sometimes severe gastrointestinal blood loss. The present report presents the case of a 75-year-old female with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and watermelon-stomach, which was the cause of her long-standing sideropenic anemia.

Changes of T-lymphocyte-subsets and their consequences in B-CLL.

The distribution of T-lymphocyte subsets of 18 patients with lymphocytic leukaemia tested with monoclonal antibodies as well as E-rosettes formations and EAC-rosettes formations were studied. The patients classified according to RAI (stages 0-II. and III-IV.) a proportional decrease of T-lymphocytes was observed only, whereas their absolute number increased. T-lymphocyte subsets also changed: the ratio of CD4 positive lymphocytes reduce, while the proportion of CD-8 positive lymphocytes increased. The ratio of the two cell groups was below the normal value (1.8 and 1.0, respectively). This value is lower in stages III-IV., and refers to a serious immune imbalance, the latter being responsible for acute infections. The four weeks medication with Leukeran and COP resulted in unchanged rates of pathological cells with a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. These phenomena primarily refer to clonal damage of the cell line, resulting in pathological T-helper and T-suppressor functions. Owing to the relatively long lifespan of the lymphocytes, only a prolonged cytostatic treatment can yield favorable results in therapy.

T-lymphocyte subgroups and the activity of human natural killer (HNK) cells in low-grade and high-grade malignant cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

T-lymphocyte subgroups and the percentage and activity of Human Natural Killer (HNK) cells were investigated in 24 patients suffering from low-grade and 24 patients with high-grade malignancies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The ratio of CD3, CD4, Leu-7, and HNK cells as well as the release by HNK cells of the 51Cr bound to target cells were found decreased, depending on the pathological stage. The tests were performed with OKT-monoclonal sera. A significant change was observed in the reactivity of bone marrow cells to monoclonal sera; the change was identical in character with that observed when lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood were used in the same tests. No significant changes could be observed in the quantitative relations of immunoglobulins. Such changes could by no means be expected, on the basis of the unchanged number of T-suppressor lymphocytes (CDB). As to the supposed immunological relation in detail, the role of a plasma factor that reduces T-lymphocyte formation is assumed to have primary importance in this phenomenon.

Differentiation of glomerular and non-glomerular haematurias on basis of the morphology of urinary red blood cells.

Haematurias present serious problems in differential diagnostics. Although no clear-cut instructions exist, patients with haematuria are usually directed to urological surgeries or inpatient departments. Here they are routinely checked by a number of invasive techniques (cystoscopy, i. v. urography, aortography etc.) before the urological nature of haematuria can be ruled out. The suspicion of a glomerular disease being in the background of haematuria emerges only if it is accompanied by a marked proteinuria. Our department deals with kidney diseases since decades. The routine light microscopic examination of haematuric urinary samples called attention to the fine differences between erythrocyte morphology in glomerular and other haematurias. The present paper is an account of morphological studies of red blood cells carried out in haematuric urinary samples of 120 histologically verified glomerulonephritis and 80 other cases.