Challenging Parenting Behaviors in Ethnically Diverse Two-Parent Families in the United States: Association with Infants' Social Competence and Behavior Problems.

We used data from a sample of ethnically diverse first-time parents (N = 186) in the United States to examine differences between mothers' and fathers' challenging parenting behaviors (CPB) when infants were 9 months old as well as covariates of CPB. We also examined associations between CPB and infants' social competence and behavior problems when they were 12 months old. Results showed no differences between mothers and fathers in the level of CPB with their infants. Mothers with more depressive symptoms engaged in more CPB. Over and above the contributions of infants' gender and temperament and parents' education, mothers' and fathers' CPB was not associated with infants' social competence and behavior problems. This study expands our understanding of the universality of CPB and whether it is associated with social competence in ethnically diverse families.

Differential aspects of chronic work-related stress predict depression in registered and geriatric nurses.

Background: Chronic work stress is a problem which persists among nurses for several reasons and studies suggest that both levels of stress and depression remain on an ongoing high level. However, not much is known about the impact of differential aspects of chronic work-related stress on levels of depression when investigating geriatric and registered nurses. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between various aspects of chronic work stress and levels of depression in geriatric and registered nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey among 370 nurses was carried out. Besides demographic information, several aspects of chronic work stress were assessed with the Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress and levels of depression with the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Statistical analyses included multiple linear regression. Results: Most important work-related predictors of depression scores in nurses were 'Work dissatisfaction' (ß = .237; 95 %-CI: [.194; .280]) and 'Work overload' (ß = .161; 95 %-CI: [.124; .198]) within blockwise multiple regression analysis. A previously diagnosed psychiatric disorder (ß = -.268; 95 %-CI: [-.313; -.223]) proved to be the strongest predictor of nurses' depression experience. Our model explained 37 % of variance in depression scores. However, being a geriatric or registered nurse did not predict levels of depression. Conclusions: Different aspects of chronic work stress seem to be associated with levels of depression in nurses. This should be taken into account when working on the improvement of working conditions for nurses.