Gastric Cancer Due to Chronic H. pylori Infection: What We Know and Where We Are Going.

Helicobacter pylori is an established cause of many gastrointestinal pathologies including peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer. It is an entity that affects the global population, and its true nature has only been known since the 1980s. Although there is much known about H. pylori including its pathophysiology, detection, and eradication, resistance to current therapy models is common. This is problematic because untreated or inadequately treated H. pylori increases morbidity and mortality related to gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease among others. In order to improve the treatment and reduce resistance, there is significant ongoing research identifying new detection and eradication methods for H. pylori. This review aims to highlight what has already been established regarding H. pylori's epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and treatment as well as the most current and novel research involving detection and treatment of H. pylori.

Prevalence and Impact of Acute Pancreatitis on Hospitalization Outcomes in a Cohort of Patients With Crohn's Disease.

Background: Few studies evaluated the risk of acute pancreatitis (AP) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). It's controversial if AP can be considered as an extraintestinal manifestation of CD. We studied this potential association in a retrospective cohort of patients with CD. Methods: We draw our cohort from the Nationwide Readmission Databases 2016 - 2018. We used the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes to identify all adult patients admitted with a diagnosis of CD. Patient with a comorbid AP were identified. We analyzed the significant impact of AP on hospitalization outcomes. A multivariate regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with AP. Results: We included 214,622 patients discharged from an index hospitalization for CD, 1.1% had AP. AP was independently associated with higher odds of inpatient mortality (odds ratio (OR): 1.831; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.345 - 2.492, P < 0.001), gallstone disease (OR: 4.047; 95% CI: 3.343 - 4.9, P < 0.001), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (OR: 3.568; 95% CI: 3.08 - 4.133, P < 0.001), and hypercalcemia (OR: 1.964; 95% CI: 1.302 - 2.965, P = 0.001). Thirty-day readmission analysis showed that CD patients with AP were more commonly to be readmitted for AP than for any other reason. Conclusions: In our nationwide cohort of CD patients, there was a significant association between AP and worse hospitalization outcomes. Additionally, we found independent associations for having AP that may help identify patients at high risk.

Successful Fecal Microbiota Transplant Delivered by Foley Catheter Through a Loop Ileostomy in a Patient With Severe Complicated Clostridioides difficile Infection.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a potentially life-threatening cause of diarrhea that can result in multiple complications. Fulminant CDI that is nonresponsive to antibiotics may require surgical ileostomy or fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). We present a case of a patient with fulminant CDI requiring surgical loop ileostomy who underwent a successful FMT delivered by Foley catheter through the ileostomy with symptom resolution. Delivery of FMT using a foley catheter in a patient with an ileostomy may be safe and effective for patients who are at a higher risk of complications associated with the instillation of FMT through colonoscopy with anesthesia.

Acute portal venous thrombosis as an extrahepatic manifestation of acute hepatitis A infection.

Among the many potential causes and risk factors for acute portal venous thrombosis, viral hepatitis has been regarded as a rare associated condition. We present the first case in the literature of a 30-year-old previously healthy male who presented with acute portal venous thrombosis associated with acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, describing the probable pathophysiology mechanism, work-up and treatment pursued. We encourage that hepatitis A serological markers should be routinely included in the investigation for acute portal venous thrombosis of unknown aetiology, in unvaccinated patients with risk factors of a recent HAV exposure.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Four-Year Single-Center Retrospective Review.

BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of hospital and community-acquired diarrhea with an annual incidence of 453,000 cases in the USA. The white race, female gender, and age over 65 years are known risk factors. Recurrence of CDI is a major problem in patients taking antibiotics for prolonged periods. These patients are observed to have reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiome. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can restore the healthy flora in the gut, thus breaking the cycle of recurrent infection. Our study aimed to analyze the efficacy of FMT and the recurrence of CDI after FMT. We also aimed to investigate the effects of comorbidities on the outcome of FMT. METHODS: After obtaining approval from the institutional review board, we included 64 patients who had received FMT at our institution from October 2015 to November 2019. All the patients over 16 years of age in both inpatient and outpatient settings were included. Patients under 16 years of age and patients treated without FMT were excluded. Frozen stool from a standardized stool bank (OpenBiome) was used. The thawed specimen was instilled into the terminal ileum or the cecum. Patients were followed up for the next 1 year for analysis of improvement in symptoms, recurrence, and repeat FMT. RESULTS: On the 2-months follow-up, 75% of patients reported symptomatic improvement, 15.6% reported no improvement while 9.4% did not follow up. Twenty-six (40.6%) patients had CDI recurrence in the following year; and 69.2% of patients with recurrence underwent a repeat FMT. There was no statistically significant correlation between CDI recurrence and the age (P value = 0.68), gender (P value = 0.61), previous use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs, P value = 0.11) or antibiotics (P value = 0.45). There was a statistically significant correlation noted with the use of immunosuppressants and recurrence (P value = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: FMT is a successful treatment modality for refractory and recurrent CDI. Repeat treatments can be beneficial if there is a lack of initial response. Being immunosuppressed with medications is associated with the risk of recurrence.

Prosthetic mitral inflow mimicking severe aortic regurgitation (revisited). An echocardiographic challenge.

Assessing aortic regurgitation (AR) severity in patients with mitral valve prosthesis may pose an echocardiographic challenge. We present a case of mild AR in whom difficulty occurred in judging its severity due to eccentric mitral prosthetic inflow signals filling practically completely the proximal left ventricular outflow tract in diastole mimicking severe AR. Frame-by-frame analysis of two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic images using a small sector depth and width was helpful in clarifying the true severity of AR.