Effects of resistance training on the lipid profile in obese women.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of resistance training in groups (with music) on the lipid profile in obese women. METHODS: The sample was composed of 28 sedentary obese women. Of these, 13 were submitted to the resistance training in group program (GT) and 15 took part in a control group (GC). The training lasted for 9 weeks, with three weekly sessions. The classes emphasized resistance training through the performance of 10 localized exercises. The analysis evaluated the following variables: total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and the TC/HDL ratio in the pre and post-training periods in both groups. The data was analyzed using Anova for repeated measures with one factor, adopting P<0.05. RESULTS: The study found significant differences for the training group between the pre- and post-training period in all the analyzed variables, except for the TG. In contrast, for the control group there was no significant difference between the pre and post-training period in any of the variables, except for the TG in which we found a statistically significant increase. The reductions were from 200.62 ± 39.11 mg·dL-1 to 184.92 ± 28.62 mg·dL-1 for TC; from 137.69 ± 32.09 mg·dL-1 to 110.31 ± 21.92 mg·dL-1 for LDL; from 4.48 ± 1.00 to 3.70 ± 0.90 for the TC/HDL ratio and the improvement in the HDL was from 46.23 ± 12.04 mg·dL-1 to 53.15 ± 16.83 mg·dL-1. CONCLUSION: Thus, it was concluded that the resistance training in groups with music was effective since it provided beneficial modifications to the lipid profile, which may result in lower risk of coronary arterial diseases in the obese female population.

Efeito de extratos de plantas na mortalidade de lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Effect of plant extracts on the mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars

A lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), é considerada a principal praga das gramíneas, especialmente da cultura do milho, responsável pelo intenso uso de inseticidas nas áreas agrícolas, ocasionando aumento nos custos e preocupações ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de vinte extratos de plantas, sobre a mortalidade larval de S. frugiperda. Os extratos foram obtidos por meio da mistura das folhas ou raízes das plantas numa proporção de 1:10. A infusão foi obtida pela adição de água aquecida a 90º C e o macerado preparado com água a 4º C. Nos bioensaios foram utilizadas 60 lagartas de segundo ínstar, por tratamento, onde foram aplicados 100 ?L dos extratos vegetais e, na testemunha, água destilada. Os extratos vegetais foram avaliados por espectofotometria e SDS-PAGE. Dentre as vinte espécies testadas, 7 apresentaram mortalidade para lagartas de S. frugiperda. Petiveria alliacea. Malva silvestris. Bacharis genistelloides. Zengiber officinale. Artemisia verlotorum. Cymbopogon citratus e Ruta graveolens. As taxas de mortalidade provocadas por esses extratos devem estar relacionadas às substâncias que ainda não foram avaliadas e que deverão ser alvo de futuros estudos.

The armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is considered the main pest of the maize crop, being responsible for the intense use of synthetic insecticide in agricultural areas and the consequent rise in costs and environmental concerns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 20 plant extracts on the larval mortality of S. frugiperda. Extracts were obtained through a mix of plant leaves or roots, in a 1:10 proportion. The infusion was obtained by the addition of hot water at 90ºC and the grinding was prepared with water at 4º C. Sixty second-instar caterpillars were used per treatment in the bioassays when 100 ?L of plant extracts were applied, while distilled water was applied in the control treatments. The plant extracts were assessed by spectrophotometry and SDS-PAGE. Of the 20 species tested, 7 showed mortality for caterpillars S. frugiperda. Petiveria alliacea. Malva sylvestris. Bacharis genistelloides,Zengiber officinale. Artemisia verlotorum,Cymbopogon citratus and Ruta graveolens. Mortality rates caused by these extracts must be related to substances that have not been evaluated and should be the target of future studies.

Histopatologia da interação de Bacillus thuringiensis e extratos vegetais no intestino médio de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Histopathology of the interaction of Bacillus thuringiensis and plant extracts in the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Plantas são fontes naturais de substâncias inseticidas, já que podem ser produzidas pelo vegetal em resposta a ataques de insetos podendo representar uma alternativa no manejo de insetos-praga, como Spodoptera frugiperda. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou a análise histopatológica do intestino médio de lagartas de S. frugiperda, após a ingestão dos extratos obtidos por maceração e infusão de Petiveria alliacea. Zingiber officinale. Cymbopogon citratus. Malva silvestris. Baccharis genistelloides e Ruta graveolens, assim como a associação desses extratos com Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai. As lagartas foram tratadas in vivo com cada extrato e a bactéria, mais a associação desses extratos com B. thuringiensis e após, uma reação de cinética entre 3 e 27 horas, foram fixadas para o preparo de cortes histológicos, os quais foram corados e analisados comparativamente às testemunhas em microscopia óptica. Os resultados mostraram mudanças na histologia do intestino médio das lagartas de S. frugiperda, 3 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos à base de alliacea. Z. officinale. C. citratus e M. silvestris, enquanto que para B. genistelloides e R. graveolens só foram observados alterações após 6h. Na interação dos extratos com B. thuringiensis observou-se alterações nas microvilosidades, desorganização do intestino médio e a hipertrofia das células epiteliais que projetaram-se para o lúmen. Os resultados desse trabalho mostram que o efeito histopatológico de Z. officinale. M. silvestris. R. graveolens e B. genistelloides, foram mais ativos quando comparados aos extratos de P. alliacea e C. citratus, os quais apresentaram uma interação positiva com B. thuringiensis.

The natural insecticidal substances produced by plants in response to insect attack may represent an alternative for the management of pest insects such as Spodoptera frugiperda. This study was therefore aimed to histopathologically analyze the midgut of larvae of S. frugiperda, after ingestion of extracts obtained by maceration and infusion of Petiveria alliacea. Zingiber officinale. Cymbopogon citratus. Malva silvestris. Baccharis genistelloides and Ruta graveolens, and the association of these extracts with Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai. The larvae were treated in vivo with each extract, B. thuringiensis, and the combination of these extracts with the bacteria, and after a reaction kinetics of between 3 to 27 hours they were fixed for the preparation of histological sections, which were stained and analyzed in comparison to the controls with light microscopy. The results showed changes in the histology of the midgut of the larvae of S. frugiperda, 3 hours after application of treatments based on P. alliacea. Z. officinale. C. citratus and M. silvestris, while for B. genistelloides and R. graveolens changes were observed only after 6h. In the interaction of extracts with B. thuringiensis the analysis revealed changes in microvilli, disorganization of the midgut and hypertrophy of epithelial cells that projected into the lumen. The findings show that the histopathological effects of Z. officinale. M. silvestris. R. graveolens and B. genistelloides were more active when compared to extracts of P. alliacea and C. citratus, which showed a positive interaction with B. thuringiensis.

Effect of binders on 500mg metformin hydrochloride tablets produced by wet granulation

Metformin hydrochloride (MH) is an oral hypoglycemic agent and a high-dose drug that has poor flow and compression properties. In this study, the feasibility of developing adequate, low cost 500mg tablets of metformin hydrochloride by wet granulation was tested with several binders (Starch / PVP K30®; Starch1500® /PVP K30®, PVP K30® and PVP K90®) in a simple tablet press of the type used in small pharmaceutical laboratories. The drug powder was tested for ability to flow, by determining Carr?s Index (CI) and the Hausner ratio (HR). Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out on isolated MH and 1:1 (w/w) binary mixtures with the excipients. The size distribution, friability, flow properties and drug content of the granules were analyzed, as were the hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution and uniformity of the dosage form. The drug powder showed CI > 22% and HR > 1.25, characteristic of a poor flow powder, and no significant incompatibilities with the excipients. All the granules showed adequate flow properties and were suitable for pressing into tablets, all of which complied with pharmacopeial specifications. The starch /PVP K30® and starch 1500®/PVP K30® mixtures were best for producing 500 mg MH tablets.

Cloridrato de metformina é um fármaco hipoglicemiante oral que apresenta propriedades pobres de fluxo e compressibilidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de comprimidos de baixo custo,após granulação por via úmida, contendo 500 mg de cloridrato de metformina e diferentes aglutinantes (F1-amido / PVP K30®; F2- Starch 1500® / PVP K30®, F3-PVP K30®, F4- PVP K90®) em máquinas de compressão de baixo desempenho usadas em laboratórios farmacêuticos de pequeno porte. As propriedades defluxo do fármaco foram analisadas através do índice de Carr (IC) e fator de Hausner (FH). Cloridrato de metformina e suas misturas binárias com os excipientes na relação 1:1 (m/m) foram analisadas por calorimetria diferencial por varredura e análise termogravimétrica. Os granulados foram analisados quanto a distribuição granulométrica, friabilidade, propriedades de fluxo e teor e os comprimidos em relação à dureza, friabilidade, desintegração, dissolução e uniformidade de conteúdo.O cloridrato de metformina apresentou IC > 22% e FH> 1,25, característicos de fluxo pobre e não apresentou incompatibilidades com os outros excipientes. Todos os granulados demonstraram adequadas propriedades de fluxo e facilidade no processo de compressão. Os comprimidos apresentaram conformidade com as especificações farmacopeicas. As misturas amido / PVPK30® e Starch 1500® / PVP K30® foram mais adequadas para produzir comprimidos de cloridrato de metformina 500 mg.