History and Clinical Development of Nanomedicines, Nanostructure, and Nanoscale Sciences.

Context: Extraordinary advances in the fields of polymer nanoparticle (nano) drug technology, nanomedicines, nanostructures, and nanoscale sciences have played a key role in the healthcare system. New nanodrug complexes have exceptional pharmacological properties with large surface areas that encourage a formulated medication to distribute, absorb, and produce the desired clinical effects. Objective: The current study aimed to review the latest development in the field of nanodrug particles, theranostic, use of noninvasive techniques, and enhancement of retention of nano-theranostic formulations. That helps to develop the innovative pharmaceutical dosage forms. Setting: The latest published data extracted from search engines PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Wolfram Alpha, BASE, Science.gov, Semantic Scholar, Education Resources Information Center, Microsoft Academic, ResearchGate, RefSeek, WorldWideScience, arXiv, Microsoft Academic Search, Google Books, JSTOR, Scirus, Social Science Research Network, Bioline International, SciELO, MetaCrawler, PLOS One, Google Scholar, and Infotopia. Design: The metadata of clinical trials, retrospective, prospective and case control studies collected from the peer review research/ review articles. The aforesaid search engines used to explore the latest information published in ≤200 research studies. the key words Nanomedicines, nanostructure, nanoscale sciences and clinical development run into the system to obtain more specific information. The final data was analyzed, interpreted and narrated for his study. Result: The precisely use of nanodrug for targeted disease produced considerable clinical results. Particularly the designed therapeutic nanoparticle formulations help to reduce the excretion, prolong blood circulation to increase accumulation at a targeted site and increase the therapeutic effects. Conclusions: The nanodrug complexes are successfully translated into several modern medications. The new and innovative nanodrug can potentially be used precisely and correctly to diagnose and treat the terminally ill patients. However, the developed nanodrug complexes, whether they are carriers or therapeutic agents, need thorough physiochemical, pharmacological, and immunological characterization before actual use in clinical practice in different human population of the world.

The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Mediator Interleukin-32 in Osteoclast Differentiation.

The recently explained cytokine, which is produced after the stimulation of interferon (IFN)-c, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-18 is IL-32, has pro-inflammatory IFN-c, IL-2 and IL-18 are IL-32 mediator's properties that are generally entailed in many diseases, including infections, cancer, and chronic inflammation. After the initial statement in 2005, it promoted the osteoclast precursor's differentiation into TRAcP plus VNR plus multinucleated cells that express explicit osteoclast indicators. Furthermore, the loss of bone resorption might be accredited because of the collapse of the multinucleated cells, which are produced of the reaction to IL-32 to direct factoring that is ultimately essential for attaching the cells for bone resorption. Thus, in conclusion, IL-32, the pro-inflammatory mediator, has an important and indirect role in regulating osteoclast differentiation. In bone disorder's pathophysiology, critical role of IL-32 needs more scientific evidence to develop a rational treatment protocol. IL-32 can become a potent mediator of active osteoclast generation in the presence of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). This novel cytokine can introduce more favorable conditions for osteoclastogenesis in the rheumatic arthritis by increasing the RANKL and osteoprotegerin ratio in fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

Biochemical Dynamics and Clinical Features of Novel Corona Virus (2019-nCoV).

CONTEXT: The novel Corona Virus (nCoV-19) was initially reported in Wuhan, China during December 2019, and later people with nCoV-19 were identified in different parts of the world. Infected people had shown symptoms resembling pneumonia, but about 50% of patients were asymptomatic. OBJECTIVE: The study intended to examine the data from studies on nCoV-19. DESIGN: The research team performed a literature review, searching relevant literature databases. The sources of data included bioRxiv, medRxiv, Google Scholar, Embase, PsychINFO, WanFang Data and PubMed. The search terms were novel Corona Virus, and nCoV-19 structure. SETTING: The study took place in the main library of the University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. RESULTS: The study identified 22 studies that had reported and confirmed over 2000 cases of nCoV-19 by January 26, 2020. The studies found that the virus was transmitted through respiratory droplets. The virus has two serotypes, OC43 and 229E. CONCLUSIONS: No specific curative therapy is available for CoVid-19. However, certain precautionary measures may potentially reduce the transmission, including washing hands, using sanitizers frequently, avoiding public gatherings, and quarantining or isolating patients. This virus has spread globally and immunocompromised individuals, and especially older individuals, are at significant risk. Community and healthcare professionals have a positive role to play in controlling the spread of the disease.

Formulation, evaluation and in vitro characterization of gastroretentive floating tablet of diclofenac sodium.

Currently a variety of tools and techniques are used to deliver complex medicines. Whereas, certain advanced methods assure the safety and usefulness by regulating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. Thus, we aimed this study to develop a novel gastro retentive floating tablets. The formulation was designed to provide the desired controlled and complete release of drug for prolonged period of time. The formulations were evaluated for physical characterization. The obtained results of hardness (4.6-5.1), friability (0.20-0.43%), weight variation (350 ±2 - 350±5) and in vitro buoyancy were found within official limits of United Stated Pharmacopoeia (USP). Whereas, the F-7 showed most optimized intra gastric floating characteristics and exhibited 93.87% release of diclofenac sodium in 9 hours. The Floating Lag Time of 8 minutes and Total Floating Time >12 hours were recorded. In-vitro drug release kinetics evaluated using the linear regression method was found to follow the Zero Order and Peppas model for the release of both the drugs. DSC thermograph and FTIR spectra depicted that there was no chemical incompatibility between drugs and polymers. In conclusion the desgined tablet can be use in clinical practice as model drug. Because, the pre-compression and post-compression parameters were satisfactory and within desired limits.

Monocytopenia; Induction by Vinorelbine, Cisplatin and Doxorubicin in Breast, Non-Small Cell Lung and Cervix Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: The neoplasm is still a potential threat for breast, Non-Small Cell Lung (NSCL) and cervix cancer patients. Those gradually invade into other body organs, inducing complex pathological complications. Whereas, the anticancer drugs suppress the bone marrow, resulting serious hematological toxicities. Thus, the monocytic toxicity may the chance of infections, particularly in AID's patients. OBJECTIVE: We aimed this retrospective study to investigate the monocytopenia induced by vinorelbine following chemotherapy in cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A total 60 adult cancer patients were divided into two groups; Group-1 patients received the treatment of Vinorelbine alone while group 2 patients received Vinorelbine based combination chemotherapy. RESULT: The overall comparison of mean monocyte count (×103 per µl) with time showed a significant statistical difference (p value <0.001) for G-I and no significant difference for G-II (p value <0.08). The independent comparison of mean values for two groups at every week confirms the non-significant statistical difference during all of the five weeks (p values 0.551, 0.112, 0.559, 0.372, 0.468 respectively). In addition of that, the comparison of mean values observed before therapy with that of week 4 (after therapy) showed significant difference in G-I (p value <0.001) and non-significant in G-II (p value 0.053). CONCLUSION: Monocytopenia is induced in both of the chemotherapy protocols allows the clinical oncologists and consultant physicians to select either of the chemotherapy protocol. The therapeutic efficacy should constitute the intervening consideration to treat the breast, cervix and NSCL (Non-Small Cell Lung's) cancers.