Microhardness and surface roughness of resin infiltrated bleached enamel surface using atomic force microscopy: An in vitro study.

to evaluate the microhardness (VHN) and surface roughness (Ra) of human enamel surface treated with resin infiltration followed by in office bleaching and to study the effect of artificial saliva (AS) storage time on the VHN and Ra of resin infiltrated enamel. Materials and methods: Eighty enamel specimens were prepared from extracted human premolar teeth. Specimens were divided into two main groups (I and II) then, they were demineralized to create white spot lesions (WSLs). Group I was divided into A and B sub groups. Group A was treated with in office bleaching material while for group B, resin infiltration (Icon) was applied after 24 h storage in AS followed by bleaching. Group II was divided into (C and D). Group C was treated like group B. Specimens in group D were stored in AS for 14 d after treatment with Icon and before application of bleaching. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Ra analysis and VHN calculation were done. Independent T Test was used to compare between groups at P < 0.05. Results: Group B demonstrated a significant increase in VHN compared with group A. Storage time in AS showed no significant difference on VHN or Ra between groups. Conclusion: Application of resin infiltration before bleaching significantly increased VHN and slightly improved Ra of WSLs compared with bleaching alone. Application of bleaching material after 24 h or 14 days of the application of resin infiltration did not have a significant effect or surface hardness or roughness of WSLs.

Effect of surface treatment on the repair bond strength of OMNICHROMA and Charisma Diamond ONE resin composites bonded to variable substrates.

Objectives: To compare repair bond strength of OMNICHROMA and Charisma Diamond ONE resin composites bonded to variable composite substrates. Also, to evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on repair bond strength. Methods: A total of 80-disc shaped specimens was fabricated using two resin based composite materials; IPS Empress Direct Enamel and OptiShade (n = 40). Substrate discs were thermocycle 5000 cycles then each substrate material was subdivided based on the surface treatment into two groups; air particle abrasion (APA) and silicon carbide grinding (SiCr) both groups followed by phosphoric acid etching. All groups received a single bond universal adhesive application prior to repairing with composite, in a smaller disc shape. All specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles prior to shear bond strength testing and subsequent failure analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted and the level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: The comparison of mean values (considering the combination of the two types of substrates, surface treatments and repairing materials) showed a highly statistically significant difference in the shear bond strength among the eight study groups (p < 0.0001). The highest value of mean shear bond strength was associated with OptiShade substrates repaired by Diamond ONE (38.6 ± 2.4). Meanwhile, the lowest value was recorded for the SiCr treated OptiShade group repaired by Diamond ONE (13.6 ± 2.3). The failure analysis revealed that cohesive mode of failure was the most predominant. Conclusion: Omnichroma showed higher repair bond strength values with SiCr surface treatment. Meanwhile, Charisma Diamond ONE had better bond strength with APA. Surface pretreatment had a significant impact on the repair bond strength where APA groups had significantly higher values compared to SiCr groups. Clinical Significance: Within the limitation of the present study; APA is recommended as surface pretreatment for improved bond strength in restorative composite repairs.

Effect of polishing systems on stain susceptibility and surface roughness of nanocomposite resin material.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Different polishing systems vary in their effect on reducing surface roughness and stain susceptibility of dental composite resin materials. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 3 polishing systems on the stain susceptibility and surface roughness of 2 nanocomposite resins and a microhybrid composite resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five disks (2×10 mm) each were fabricated of 2 nanocomposite resins (Filtek Supreme XT and Tetric EvoCeram) and 1 microhybrid composite resin (Z250). Both sides of the disks were wet finished, and 1 side was polished with PoGo, Astropol, or Hi-Shine (n=5). Unpolished surfaces served as controls. The average roughness (Ra, µm) was measured with a profilometer, and the baseline color was recorded with a spectrophotometer. All specimens were incubated while soaking in a staining solution of coffee, green tea, and berry juice for 3 weeks. The color was recorded again, and the data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA at α=.05 and Tukey multiple comparison tests. RESULTS: All polishing systems improved the staining resistance of Filtek Supreme XT and Z250 but did not affect that of Tetric EvoCeram. The surface color of Filtek Supreme XT was changed significantly and was the smoothest after polishing with PoGo, whereas Hi-Shine produced significantly rougher surfaces but with the lowest color change. Hi-Shine produced the highest color change in Z250. The surface roughness did not differ significantly between the other polishing systems. Tetric EvoCeram showed no significant differences in color change or surface roughness. CONCLUSIONS: Staining susceptibility and surface roughness depend mainly on material composition and on the polishing procedures. Polishing improves the staining resistance of composite resins. Nanocomposite resins did not exhibit better staining resistance or surface roughness than microhybrid composite resin.

Atomic force microscopy and tridimensional topography analysis of human enamel after resinous infiltration and storage in water.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of water storage on surface roughness (Ra) of human enamel after treatment with resin infiltrant and fissure sealant, by utilizing atomic force microscopy (AFM) and microtomography. METHODS: This study was conducted after registration and ethical approval clarification at the College of Dentistry Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between January 2011 and August 2011. Thirty enamel surface specimens were prepared from caries-free human premolar teeth. Specimens were divided into 3 groups: Group I, was the control; Group II, a resin infiltrant (Icon) was applied on the enamel surfaces; and Group III, the teeth were treated with fissure sealant (SealRite). All specimens were stored in distilled water for 6 months and then, subjected to AFM Veeco CP11 1.2 analysis. A few specimens were scanned by skyscan-1072-x-ray microtomography. The Ra mean readings were recorded and statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 16 at the significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: No significant differences in the mean Ra were recorded among the 3 groups, (Group I = 0.21+/-0.057), (Group II = 0.23+/-0.075), and (Group III = 0.20+/-0.039) at p=0.747. The AFM images of enamel surface show thin and inhomogeneous Icon resin in Group II, meanwhile, the SealRite in Group III showed a homogeneous layer in all specimens. The microtomography supported the findings of the AFM images. CONCLUSION: The persistence of the SealRite in all specimens revealed its low solubility in water and its protective effect on enamel surface.

Galvanic corrosion behavior of implant suprastructure dental alloys.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare in vitro, the galvanic corrosion behavior of Co-Cr alloys (R2000, R800), Ni-Cr (RCS), silver-palladium (Jelstar), Gold (Pontallor-4) and Ternary Ti (experimental Ter Ti) when coupled with endosseous Ti implant abutment material. Amalgam alloy and commercially pure Ti cylinders (SSTi) were coupled with endosseous Ti implants as negative and positive controls, respectively. METHODS: An EG&G Model 263 Scanning Potentiostat was used for this purpose. Specimens were prepared and fresh artificial saliva was used as an electrolyte solution. The experiment run time was 24h for each couple. The common potential, galvanic current and current integration during the last 6h were recorded for each couple. RESULTS: The results showed that the best couples were Ti/Pontallor-4, Ti/Ter Ti, Ti/R800 and Ti/Jelstar. The least acceptable couples were Ti/amalgam, SSTi/SSTi and Ti/R2000, while the Ti/RCS couple showed unstable galvanic corrosion behavior. SIGNIFICANCE: It is concluded that the following alloys can be used as suprastructure alloys with Ti implants: Pontallor-4, R800, Jelstar and Ter Ti. Although Ter Ti alloy is an experimental alloy, it showed good results, but cannot be used in the clinical field unless extensive investigations are carried out. The SSTi/SSTi couple showed unexpected galvanic corrosion behavior which needs further investigation.