ABSTRACT
Photocatalytic decomposition of CCl4 (80 mg L(-1) in H2O) effected by Zr-MCM-41 (Zr incorporated in the amorphous wall of MCM-41) has been studied in the present work. Experimentally, photocatalytic decomposition of CCl4 on Zr-MCM-41 was enhanced by about 1.96 times over that on ZrO2. Photocatalytic decomposition of CCl4 may proceed via a two-electron transfer process that yields mainly CHCl3, Cl- and H2. Since little C2Cl2, C2Cl6 or CH2Cl2 was found, it is unlikely that CHCl3 involved in the secondary photocatalytic degradation process. In addition, photocatalytic splitting of H2O on Zr-MCM-41 was also enhanced. The yield of H2 was 6.5 mmol(gZrO2)(-1). About 68% of this hydrogen (6.5 mmol(gZrO2)(-1)) was consumed in the photocatalytic decomposition of CCl4.
Subject(s)
Carbon Tetrachloride/analysis , Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods , Photochemistry/methods , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry , Zirconium/analysis , Carbon Tetrachloride/chemistry , Catalysis , Equipment Design , Hydrogen/chemistry , Photolysis , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/methods , Time Factors , Water/chemistry , X-Ray Diffraction , Zirconium/chemistryABSTRACT
Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) has been specified as a standard method for the measurement of Giardia. In this study, Dynal IMS was evaluated on the basis of recovery efficiencies of Giardia cysts for various IMS operational conditions. The average recoveries for Giardia in deionized, treated and raw water samples were 82.6 +/- 12.2% (n = 6), 75.6 +/- 15.2% (n = 3), and 70.6 +/- 18.2% (n = 3), respectively. Significant changes in recovery were observed by altering the debris ratio and the debris components of water samples. Changing the reaction volume within the same vessel had no significant effect on cyst recovery efficiencies. However, prolonging the reaction time did increase recovery efficiencies.
Subject(s)
Giardia/isolation & purification , Giardiasis/diagnosis , Immunomagnetic Separation , Water/parasitology , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/analysis , Giardia/immunology , Microscopy, FluorescenceABSTRACT
To reduce the amount of hazardous wastes contaminated by heavy metals, a new technology to immobilize heavy metal ions is desired. Microwave (MW) technology which can be used to vitrify the contaminated soil wastes and immobilize the heavy metal ions for this purpose to satisfy the leachate test standard. We found that 90%+ of the chromium-contaminated soil went through the glass/ceramic transformation and was thus vitrified after being radiated with MW for 60 min. The chromium ion (Cr6+) concentration in the leaching test of all the vitrified soil samples is less than 1 mg/l, below the USEPA regulatory limit of 5.0 mg/l. This technology may become a major treatment method for hazardous wastes if the large-scale field test proves to be successful. In this paper, we will present the experimental conditions, the results and the future projects.
