ABSTRACT
The development of endosomal disruptive agents is a major challenge in the field of drug delivery and pharmaceutical chemistry. Current endosomal disruptive agents are composed of polymers, peptides, and nanoparticles and have had limited clinical impact. Alternatives to traditional endosomal disruptive agents are therefore greatly needed. In this report, we introduce a new class of low molecular weight endosomal disruptive agents, termed caged surfactants, that selectively disrupt endosomes via reversible PEGylation under acidic endosomal conditions. The caged surfactants have the potential to address several of the limitations hindering the development of current endosomal disruptive agents, such as high toxicity and low excretion, and are amenable to traditional medicinal chemistry approaches for optimization. In this report, we synthesized three generations of caged surfactants and demonstrated that they can enhance the ability of cationic lipids to deliver mRNA into primary cells. We also show that caged surfactants can deliver siRNA into cells when modified with the RNA-binding dye thiazole orange. We anticipate that the caged surfactants will have numerous applications in pharmaceutical chemistry and drug delivery given their versatility.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Nucleic Acids/administration & dosage , Surface-Active Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Endosomes/drug effects , Hemolysis/drug effects , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , Structure-Activity Relationship , Surface-Active Agents/administration & dosage , Surface-Active Agents/chemistryABSTRACT
Infectious endocarditis is a life-threatening disease, and diagnostics are urgently needed to accurately diagnose this disease especially in the case of prosthetic valve endocarditis. We show here that maltohexaose conjugated to indocyanine green (MH-ICG) can detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection in a rat model of infective endocarditis. The affinity of MH-ICG to S. aureus was determined and had a Km and Vmax of 5.4 µM and 3.0 X 10-6 µmol/minutes/108 CFU, respectively. MH-ICG had no detectable toxicity to mammalian cells at concentrations as high as 100 µM. The in vivo efficiency of MH-ICG in rats was evaluated using a right heart endocarditis model, and the accumulation of MH-ICG in the bacterial vegetations was 2.5 ± 0.2 times higher than that in the control left ventricular wall. The biological half-life of MH-ICG in healthy rats was 14.0 ± 1.3 minutes, and approximately 50% of injected MH-ICG was excreted into the feces after 24 hours. These data demonstrate that MH-ICG was internalized by bacteria with high specificity and that MH-ICG specifically accumulated in bacterial vegetations in a rat model of endocarditis. These results demonstrate the potential efficacy of this agent in the detection of infective endocarditis.
