Visual memory and alcohol use in a middle-aged birth cohort.

Light and moderate alcohol use has been reported to be associated with both impaired and enhanced cognition. The purpose of this study was to explore whether there was a linear relationship between visual memory and alcohol consumption in males and females in a large middle-aged birth cohort population in cross-sectional and longitudinal settings. Data were collected from 5585 participants completing 31-year (1997-1998) and 46-year (2012-2014) follow-ups including Paired Associate Learning (PAL) test at 46-years follow-up. The participants were originally from 12,231 study population of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966). The PAL test was conducted to assess visual memory. Reported alcohol use was measured as total daily use of alcohol, beer, wine, and spirits converted into grams and as frequency and amount of use of beer, wine, and spirits. The total daily alcohol use was not associated with reduced visual memory. The frequency of use of beer and wine in males was associated with better visual memory in cross-sectional and longitudinal settings. Using six or more servings of spirits was associated with worse visual memory in males in cross-sectional and longitudinal settings. Using six or more servings of spirits was associated with worse visual memory in males in cross-sectional and longitudinal setting. The study suggested a lack of a linear association between drinking and visual memory in the middle-aged population.

Depressive symptoms as predictors of visual memory deficits in middle-age.

BACKGROUND: Depression has been known to affect memory and other cognitive domains. The objective of this longitudinal cohort study was to investigate longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms at age 31 years and visual memory and new learning at the age of 46 years. We investigated whether depressive symptoms at age 31 predicted visual memory deficits at age 46 years, and whether changes in depressive symptoms between 31 and 46 years predicted visual memory at age 46. METHODS: Participants were members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) on both occasions. Visual memory and new learning were assessed using Paired Associative Learning (PAL) test at the age 46 follow-up. PAL total errors adjusted and first trial memory score were used as outcomes and basic educational level, relationship status, physical activity and diet at baseline were considered as confounding factors in linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 5029 (57% female) participants were included in the main analysis. No associations were found between depressive symptoms or change in depressive symptoms and visual memory and new learning scores. The result did not change following cut-offs 1.55 and 1.75 for depression. LIMITATIONS: SCL-25 only measures symptoms during the past week. Only one cognitive domain was assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our hypothesis, neither baseline depressive symptoms nor change in depressive symptoms predicted visual memory scores 15 years later. It appears that sub-clinical depressive symptoms do not effect this cognitive domain in the middle-aged population.