Effectiveness of buffered and non-buffered local anaesthetic in inferior alveolar nerve block: a randomised study.

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of buffered and non-buffered local anaesthetic (LA) following inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). This study was conducted at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto from June 2020 to January 2021. Subjects were randomised into Groups A and B. Group A received 2 ml of freshly prepared 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline buffered with 0.18 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution while those in Group B received non-buffered 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline LA solutions. The onset of action of the LA was assessed by subjective and objective methods, while pain at the injection site was assessed using a numerical rating scale. Data obtained were analysed using statistical package for social sciences (IBM SPSS) version 21. The mean (SD) ages for Groups A and B were 37.4 (14.9) and 40.1 (14.4) years, respectively. The mean (SD) onset times of the LA by subjective testing were 126 (31.7) and 201 (66.8) seconds for Groups A and B, respectively. Similarly, the mean (SD) onset times of the local anaesthesia by objective testing for Groups A and B were 186 (41.0) and 287 (85.0) seconds, respectively, and both were significant (p<0.001). Pain at the injection site assessed objectively and subjectively were also statistically different (p<0.001). The findings of this study suggest that buffered LA is more effective than non-buffered LA of the same composition when used for IANB particularly concerning a significantly faster rate of onset and less pain at the injection site.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Odontogenic Tumors in Nigeria: An African Oral Pathology Research Consortium Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have investigated the burden of odontogenic tumor (OT) in Nigeria; however, the true burden and prevalence of these lesions are not known because these studies are based on a center/region. AIMS: Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the true burden of OTs in Nigeria, using a multicenter approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a 10-year retrospective cross-sectional study of OT seen in eight tertiary health institutions in different geographic locations in Nigeria. RESULTS: A total of 990 cases were included in this study. The highest prevalence of OT was in the third decade of life (n = 274, 27.7%). Most lesions were benign (n = 961, 97.1%), with a slight male preponderance; and the mandible was the commonest site (n = 814, 82.2%). There were a significant association between the diagnosed OTs and the age group and site (P = 0.002 and 0.031, respectively). CONCLUSION: OTs showed a slightly higher preponderance in males, occurring mostly in the third decade. Benign lesions were frequent and ameloblastoma was the commonest OT. Variations exist in the occurrence of OTs from the different geographic locations in Nigeria. This study essentially sheds a broader light on the clinicopathological distribution of OTs across Nigeria, using a large multicenter approach.

CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW.

Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is the 2nd most common craniofacial birth defect after cleft lip and palate. It is said to arise from the 1st & 2nd intrauterine branchial arches. HFM is believed by many experts to be congenital but not inherited as most patients afflicted have no previous family history. It also known as craniofacial microstomia with cranial involvement. The real cause is unknown but largely blamed on hemorrhage of the stapaedial artery. The phenotypic expression is variable from mild to severe involving many structures such as bone, nerve, muscular tissues and soft tissue. Facial structures commonly affected include the ears, the mouth and the mandible. Mostly unilateral but bilateral have been reported. However, not much is known about this condition in sub-Saharan Africa. Multidisciplinary team management is the general consensus for optimal care. Awareness in sub-Saharan Africa of this disorder is still evolving. This review identifies various classifications, diagnoses, investigations, treatment and timelines for management of HFM. The aim of the current review was to discuss the diverse controversies, classification, diagnosis and treatment of HFM so as to increase the understanding of this condition.

Prevalence and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use among cancer patients in usmanu danfodiyo university teaching hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The rate of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among cancer patients is on the increase worldwide. This is due to the innate urge among humans to try new and alternative ways of medicine, especially where conventional medicine failed to provide satisfactory solution such as in sickle cell disease and cancer. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and correlates of CAM use among cancer patients in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 240 cancer patients selected by systematic sampling technique from July to September 2016. Data were collected using a semi-structured standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean age of the study participants was 45 ± 13.7 years. Majority, 159 (66.3%) of the 240 respondents, were CAM users, with the most common methods being prayer (30.8%) and herbal therapy (28.3%). Majority of CAM users (64.2%) did not derive any benefit from CAM use, but rather reported adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting (52.5%) and diarrhea (44.2%). Physicians were unaware of CAM use in most cases (87.4%), and this was majorly attributed to the physicians not asking them about CAM use. Male sex and absence of comorbidities were the predictors of CAM use identified. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CAM use is high among cancer patients in UDUTH, Sokoto, Nigeria, but the physicians were largely unaware of CAM use due to communication gap. These findings underscore the need for physicians to consistently ask their patients on CAM use, while government should enact laws regulating CAM use in Nigeria.

Predictors of psychopathology among Nigerian adolescents: the role of psychosocial, demographics, personality and medical condition reports domains.

BACKGROUND: Psychopathology among adolescents has become a global concern in the last decade. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of psychopathology among adolescents in Ibadan region using a multi-theoretical approach. METHODS: Eight hundred and eighty-nine (889) male and female adolescents drawn from different parts of Ibadan region of the South-West Nigeria, participated in the study. The study is a cross-sectional survey and adopted an ex-post facto design. A questionnaire divided into six sections, with two versions was used for data collection. Analysis of data involved multiple/stepwise regressions, F-test & T-test. SPSS 10.0 computer programme was utilized for all analyses. RESULTS: Data showed that all the predictors jointly contributed 37% (P<0.0001) to the prediction of reported psychopathology. The domains of psychosocial, personality, demographic and medical condition reports all independently and significantly predicted psychopathology among the adolescents but psychosocial domain had the highest contribution of 16% (P<0.0001). Prevalence rate for psychopathology among the sampled adolescents was 0.152 (15.2%) at the criteria of one standard deviation above the mean. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that a multi-theoretical approach to the understanding of psychopathology among adolescents will be more appropriate in the Nigerian community. Results have implication for further assessment and treatments. Parents are advised to report any behavioural dysfunction observed in their wards to experts early enough to avoid degeneration to greater psychopathology in the later years.

Predictors of Psychopathology among Nigerian Adolescents: the Role of Psychosocial; Demographics; Personality and Medical Condition Reports Domains

Background: Psychopathology among adolescents has become a global concern in the last decade. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of psychopathology among adolescents in Ibadan region using a multi-theoretical approach. Methods: Eight hundred and eighty-nine (889) male and female adolescents drawn from different parts of Ibadan region of the South-West Nigeria; participated in the study. The study is a cross-sectional survey and adopted an ex-post facto design. A questionnaire divided into six sections; with two versions was used for data collection. Analysis of data involved multiple/stepwise regressions; F-test et T-test. SPSS 10.0 computer programme was utilized for all analyses. Results: Data showed that all the predictors jointly contributed 37(P0.0001) to the prediction of reported psychopathology. The domains of psychosocial; personality; demographic and medical condition reports all independently and significantly predicted psychopathology among the adolescents but psychosocial domain had the highest contribution of 16(P0.0001). Prevalence rate for psychopathology among the sampled adolescents was 0.152 (15.2) at the criteria of one standard deviation above the mean. Conclusion: It is concluded that a multi-theoretical approach to the understanding of psychopathology among adolescents will be more appropriate in the Nigerian community. Results have implication for further assessment and treatments. Parents are advised to report any behavioural dysfunction observed in their wards to experts early enough to avoid degeneration to greater psychopathology in the later years

Biologic; Anatomic and Clinical Considerations in the Management of the Classic Intraosseous Ameloblastoma of the Jaws

This paper reviews the types of surgical and nonsurgical treatment modalities that have been used to treat the classic intraosseous ameloblastoma of the jaws. The clinical; anatomic and biologic factors that may influence the clinicians' selection of a particular treatment modality were highlighted. Surgeons should be aware of these different modalities if they are to formulate a surgical treatment plan that is individualised to fit different clinical situations