Compositional Optimization of Sputtered WO3/MoO3 Films for High Coloration Efficiency.

Thin films of mixed MoO3 and WO3 were obtained using reactive magnetron sputtering onto ITO-covered glass, and the optimal composition was determined for the best electrochromic (EC) properties. A combinatorial material synthesis approach was applied throughout the deposition experiments, and the samples represented the full composition range of the binary MoO3/WO3 system. The electrochromic characteristics of the mixed oxide films were determined with simultaneous measurement of layer transmittance and applied electric current through the using organic propylene carbonate electrolyte cells in a conventional three-electrode configuration. Coloration efficiency data evaluated from the primary data plotted against the composition displayed a characteristic maximum at around 60% MoO3. Our combinatorial approach allows the localization of the maximum at 5% accuracy.

Investigation of Combinatorial WO3-MoO3 Mixed Layers by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Using Different Optical Models.

Reactive (Ar-O2 plasma) magnetron sputtered WO3-MoO3 (nanometer scaled) mixed layers were investigated and mapped by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE). The W- and Mo-targets were placed separately, and 30 × 30 cm glass substrates were slowly moved under the two (W and Mo) separated targets. We used different (oscillator- and Effective Medium Approximation, EMA-based) optical models to obtain the thickness and composition maps of the sample layer relatively quickly and in a cost-effective and contactless way. In addition, we used Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry to check the SE results. Herein, we compare the "goodness" of different optical models depending upon the sample preparation conditions, for instance, the speed and cycle number of the substrate motion. Finally, we can choose between appropriate optical models (2-Tauc-Lorentz oscillator model vs. the Bruggeman Effective Medium Approximation, BEMA) depending on the process parameters. If one has more than one "molecular layer" in the "sublayers", BEMA can be used. If one has an atomic mixture, the multiple oscillator model is better (more precise) for this type of layer structure.

Histological Examination of Retrieved ePTFE Membranes Following Regenerative Surgery of Intrabony Defects Treated with Platelet-rich Plasma and Bone Substitutes.

PURPOSE: Regenerative periodontal therapy using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone substitutes with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) have been proposed as a therapeutic method to enhance the outcome of regenerative surgery. This includes light microscopic evaluation of retrieved ePTFE membranes to assess formation of new connective tissue attachment, and following the regeneration process. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the histological findings of retrieved ePTFE membranes using PRP and bone substitutes, the effect of PRP on graft materials, and the correlation of the findings with the clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-two (72) patients with chronic periodontitis, each of whom had one deep intrabony defect, were randomly included in two studies and treated using the same type of membrane and different bone substitutes. In the first study, 17 cases were treated with a natural bone mineral and a non-resorbable membrane (NBM + GTR), and 17 cases were treated with PRP + NBM + GTR. In the second study, 19 patients were treated with ß-tricalcium phosphate and a non-resorbable membrane (ß-TCP + GTR), and 19 patients were treated with PRP + ß-TCP + GTR. In both studies, tissue integration of the retrieved ePTFE membranes and attached remnants were evaluated histologically. RESULTS: Histological scores showed that membranes combined with NBM are better integrated than membranes combined with ß-TCP; the difference between the two decreased with the addition of PRP. The application of PRP had no significant effect on the quality of membrane integration combined with NBM, whilst significantly improving the integration quality when combined with ß-TCP. No correlations were detected between the histological scores and the clinical attachment level (CAL) gain in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that: a) application of ß-TCP and PRP may enhance membrane integration and periodontal healing, and b) histological examination of retrieved membranes may provide valuable additional information with regard to the clinical findings.

Decreased oral cancer risk by moderate alcohol consumption in non-smoker postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol consumption is a strong risk factor for oral cancer however; an ambiguous biphasic impact of moderate and excessive alcohol intake on the risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers has also been published. The aim of the present study was to clarify the dose-related risk of alcohol consumption for oral cancer, in male and female cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six-hundred and eight non-smoker patients (466 males and 142 females) with squamous cell oral carcinomas (OCs) and 406 non-smoker tumor free controls (264 males and 142 females) were included into the study. Data of three groups; abstinent cases, moderate and excessive alcohol consumers were recorded according to the drinking habits of both OC cases and their controls. Blood glucose levels in male and female cases and menopausal state of women were also registered. RESULTS: Mean age of female patients was significantly higher than of male cases (p<0.01). Excessive alcohol consumption was a strong risk factor for both sexes, however moderate alcohol intake proved to be an OC risk for men (OR: 1.4) and decreased the OC risk for women (OR: 0.7). Elevated blood glucose level proved to be an OC risk factor for the predominantly postmenopausal women (OR: 1.6), whereas did not affect the OC risk among men. CONCLUSION: The presented findings are controversial to the hypothesis that women are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced carcinogenesis as compared with men. Increased insulin sensitivity and higher estrogen levels are advantageous systemic effects of moderate ethanol intake and they might reduce the risk for OC in postmenopausal women.

[Oral cancer: morbus Hungaricus in the 21st century]. / Szájüregi rák: Morbus Hungaricus a 21. században.

Hungary is the leader both in oral cancer morbidity and mortality among the European countries. Oral cancer mortality had increased dramatically in Hungary to near fourfold between 1975 and 2002 both among the male and female populations. The increased oral cancer morbidity among the non-smoker, non-drinker elderly women and young adults, suggest that factors other than tobacco and alcohol consumption may also have important role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer. To reveal the epidemiological changes oral cancer cases and tumor-free controls were studied in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Semmelweis University in two phases between 1985-1986 and 2004-2005. In the 1st phase of the study, 460 cases with histologically confirmed oral squamous cell cancer and 350 tumor-free control cases were included. In the 2nd phase data of 550 oral cancer cases and 450 tumor-free controls were examined. Location of the tumors, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits of the male and female patients were separately evaluated. Among the oral cancer cases and their controls the ratio of smokers showed a significantly decreasing tendency in the examined period. Both the male oral cancer patients and their controls showed a significant decrease in the ratio of regular drinkers, whereas among the female tumor cases and controls the ratio of alcohol consumers were similarly low in both phases. The high male to female ratio of oral cancer cases significantly decreased over the examined period. Among elderly women (>60 yrs) oral cancer morbidity conspicuously increased. Among male cases the primacy of lower lip cancer had been taken over by sublingual cancer during the examined period. Among female patients, gingival tumor location was the most frequent in both phases. Our data suggest that the extraordinarily rapid increase in oral cancer morbidity and mortality in Hungary is not reasonable simply on the basis of excessive tobacco and alcohol consumption habits. Changes in the male to female ratio of oral cancer after 20 years, the older age of female patients as compared with males and the gender related difference of the prevalent tumor sites suggest some role of gender specific, systemic risk factors for oral cancer.

[Role of hormonal risk factors in oral cancer development]. / Hormonális kockázati tényezok szerepe a szájüregi rák kialakulásában.

Male: female ratio of oral cancer cases (OC) is fairly high. Lower rate of female cases as compared with males suggests that some endocrine factors may play role in the development of tumors. The aim of the present study was to clarify the differences of risk factors for OC among male and female cases. In the Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Semmelweis University 2660 OC (2130 males and 530 females) patients were included into the study. Ratio of smoking, alcohol consumption, elevated serum glucose level and menopausal data of the female patients were registered. Concordant to the literary data, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption proved to be an important risk factor for OC both among male and female patients. However, moderate alcohol consumption was a weak risk factor among male and no risk factor among female cases. Elevated serum glucose level was not significant OC risk among male cases, but was a high risk factor among female patients, especially in gingival cancer cases. The female OC cases were near exclusively postmenopausal, and the term between the time of menopause and clinical OC diagnosis was fairly long (average: 17 year). These results suggest that estrogen-deficiency may play an important role in the initiation of OC. In the female OC cases menopause appeared in significantly younger age, and the rate of hysterectomy was also significantly higher as compared with the tumor-free control cases. These data also support the estrogen-deficiency theory of cancer initiation. In postmenopausal female patients both estrogen-deficiency and elevated fasting glucose proved to be risk factors for OC. These results reveal new aspects concerning the etiology of OC and give a possible explanation how smoking-associated tumors may develop even without smoking.

Mixed odontogenic tumors in children and adolescents.

The typical forms of mixed odontogenic tumors in the jaws of children and adolescents are ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastic fibroodontoma, complex odontoma, and compound odontoma. Ameloblastic fibromas (AFs) are true, mixed, soft tissue neoplasms, deriving from the proliferation of both odontogenic epithelium and mesenchyma. They have a potential for both recurrence and malignant transformation. Ameloblastic fibroodontomas (AFOs) may be regarded as hamartomas, which exhibit epithelial, mesenchymal, and abundant hard tissue components of the developing teeth. Odontomas are calcifying benign hamartomas and represent the most common type of odontogenic jaw tumors among patients less than 20 years old. Complex odontomas (CXOs) are built up from amorphous hard tissue elements, and generally occur in the premolar or molar regions of the maxilla. Compound odontomas (CDOs) usually appear in the maxilla, in the region of the incisors and canines and contain small, radio-opaque structures reminiscent of rudimentary teeth. In the present study, mixed odontogenic tumor cases are presented in patients under 20 years old. All of them were associated with tooth eruption disturbances. Further aim of this study was to discuss the nature and interrelationships of this group of lesions.

[Mixed odontogenic tumors in children and adolescents]. / Fogelotörési zavarokkal járó vegyes odontogén daganatok.

Mixed odontogenic tumors in the jaws of children and adolescents usually cause dentition anomalies. The typical forms of these are ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastic fibroodontoma, complex odontoma and compound odontoma. In the present study mixed odontogenic tumor cases are presented in patients under 20 years of age. All of them were associated with tooth eruption disturbances. Further aim of this study was to discuss the nature and interrelationships of this group of lesions. Ameloblastic fibromas (AFs) are true, mixed, soft tissue neoplasms, deriving from the proliferation of both odontogenic epithelium and mesenchyma. They have a potential to both recurrence and malignant transformation. Ameloblastic fibroodontomas (AFOs) may be regarded as hamartomas, which exhibit epithelial, mesenchymal and abundant hard tissue components of the developing teeth. Odontomas are calcifying benign hamartomas, and represent the most common type of odontogenic jaw tumors among patients less than 20y, having complex and compound variants. Complex odontomas (CXOs) are built up from amorphous hard tissue elements, and generally occur in the premolar or molar regions of the maxilla. Compound odontomas (CDOs) usually appear in the maxilla, in the region of the incisors and canines, and contain small, radio-opaque structures reminiscent of rudimentary teeth. Early diagnosis and treatment of mixed odontogenic jaw tumors in children may prevent the serious orthodontic complications and jaw deformations.

[Quantitative and qualitative comparison of the maxillary bone regeneration after beta-tricalcium phosphate and autogenous bone implantation]. / A maxilla csontregenerációjának mennyiségi es minoségi osszehasonlítása beta-tricalcium phosphate es autolog csontbeültetés után.

Graft insertion can effectively enhance the regeneration of debilitated bone. The effects of an alloplastic bone-replacing material, beta-tricalcium phosphate (Cerasorb), and of autogenous bone graft were compared. In 17 edentulous patients, the maxillary sinus floor was extremely atrophied to such an extent that implant placement was impossible. The Schneiderian membrane was surgically elevated bilaterally by insertion of Cerasorb (experimental side) and autogenous bone graft (control side). After surgery, the recovery was followed clinically and radiologically. After 6 months, 68 bone cylinders were excised from the grafted areas and implants were inserted into their places. The bone samples were embedded into resin, and the osteointegration of the grafts was studied histologically. Trabecular bone volume (TBV) and trabecular bone pattern factor (TBPf) were quantified by histomorphometry. Cerasorb proved to be an effective bone-replacing material with osteoconductivity; it was capable of gradual disintegration, thereby providing space for the regenerating bone. The new bone density was not significantly different on the experimental and control sides (32.4 +/- 10.9% and 34.7 +/- 11.9%, respectively). However, the graft biodegradation was significantly slower on the experimental side than on the control side. The TBPf value was lower on the control side than on the experimental side (-0.53 +/- 1.7 mm(-1) and -0.11 +/- 1.4 mm(-1), respectively); but this difference was not significant. Six months after insertion of the grafts, the bone of the augmented sinus floor was strong and suitable for anchorage of dental implants, irrespective of whether autogenous bone or Cerasorb particles had been applied.

Maxillary sinus floor grafting with beta-tricalcium phosphate in humans: density and microarchitecture of the newly formed bone.

OBJECTIVES: Graft insertion can effectively enhance the regeneration of debilitated bone. The effects of an alloplastic bone-replacing material, beta-tricalcium phosphate (Cerasorb), and of autogenous bone graft were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 17 edentulous patients, the maxillary sinus floor was extremely atrophied to such an extent that implant placement was impossible. The Schneiderian membrane was surgically elevated bilaterally by insertion of Cerasorb (experimental side) and autogenous bone graft (control side). After surgery, the recovery was followed clinically and radiologically. After 6 months, 68 bone cylinders were excised from the grafted areas and implants were inserted into their places. The bone samples were embedded into resin, and the osteointegration of the grafts was studied histologically. Trabecular bone volume (TBV) and trabecular bone pattern factor (TBPf) were quantified by histomorphometry. RESULTS: Cerasorb proved to be an effective bone-replacing material with osteoconductivity; it was capable of gradual disintegration, thereby providing space for the regenerating bone. The new bone density was not significantly different on the experimental and control sides (32.4+/-10.9% and 34.7+/-11.9%, respectively). However, the graft biodegradation was significantly slower on the experimental side than the control side. The TBPf value was lower on the control side than on the experimental side (-0.53+/-1.7 and -0.11+/-1.4 mm(-1), respectively), but this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Six months after insertion of the grafts, the bone of the augmented sinus floor was strong and suitable for anchorage of dental implants, irrespective of whether autogenous bone or Cerasorb particles had been applied.

[Epidemiological correlations of insulin resistance and salivary gland tumors]. / Az inzulinrezisztencia es a nyálmirigydaganatok epidemiológiai osszefüggései.

INTRODUCTION: The metabolic syndrome develops on the basis of peripheral insulin resistance. It is a continuously progressing metabolic disorder, which concludes finally into serious diseases. Type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and--according to the recent literature--malignancies are the most important consequences. A well-known fact, that metabolic disorders; such as diabetes and obesity, can deeply influence the structure and function of the salivary glands. Considering these data, the question arises; is there any correlation among insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and salivary gland tumors? AIMS: A retrospective epidemiological examination was performed to analyze the correlations between salivary gland tumors and insulin resistance states (type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome). METHODS: Data of 438 patients were analyzed in the Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the Semmelweis University. In 224 cases salivary gland tumors were surgically removed. In 214 control cases, bone replacement, or artificial root implantation was the intervention. Known, treated and newly diagnosed diabetic cases were included in the DM group. Cases exhibiting at least 3 of the 5 criteria of the metabolic syndrome composed the MS group. The remaining cases were included in the non-DM/non-MS group. The frequencies of cardiovascular diseases and of primary tumors at other sites were registered in the different groups. RESULTS: Type-2 diabetes was significantly more frequent in the tumorous group (22.8%) than in the controls (6.5%) (p < 0.001). Similarly, the metabolic syndrome was much more frequent among the tumorous cases (31.3%) as compared with the control group (7.9%) (p < 0.001). The rate of cardiovascular diseases was significantly higher in the DM and MS subgroups of the tumorous patients (15.6% and 17.1%, respectively) as compared with the controls (5.6%) (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). The rate of primary tumors of other sites, as concerns both tumors overall and malignancies, was significantly higher among the salivary gland tumorous cases (17.8% and 8.9%, respectively) than among the controls (8.4% and 2.8%, respectively) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). In the DM and MS subgroups of the tumorous cases the rate of primary tumors was even higher (28.0% and 22.9%, respectively), however, that for the non-DM/non-MS subgroup was similar to that for controls (9.7). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the present results and the literature data a better control of insulin resistant states seems to be necessary, not only to reduce the cardiovascular risk, but also to prevent tumor promotion.

Facilitation of beta-tricalcium phosphate-induced alveolar bone regeneration by platelet-rich plasma in beagle dogs: a histologic and histomorphometric study.

PURPOSE: The effects of 2 graft materials, beta-tricalcium phosphate (Cerasorb) alone and a combination of Cerasorb and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), on the bone regeneration process were evaluated in the canine mandible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mandibular premolars of 12 beagle dogs were surgically removed. The extraction sockets were filled with Cerasorb on the control side and a mixture of Cerasorb and PRP on the test side. Bilateral biopsy samples were taken from the graft insertion sites at 6, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. Sections were prepared from the undecalcified resin-embedded samples. RESULTS: Six weeks after grafting, the proliferation of cellular osteogenic mesenchyma was more abundant in the test group. The histomorphometric data revealed a significantly higher percentage of bone area in the test group (45.9%) than in the control group (30.8%) (P < .05). Twelve weeks after grafting, the test group still had some advantage over the control group in terms of bone regeneration (52.5% bone in the test group versus 49.4% in the control group, P < .05). Twenty-four weeks after grafting, bone-forming activity was nearly equal in the 2 groups, and the bone area in the 2 groups did not differ significantly (62.9% and 61.9%, respectively) (P < .05). DISCUSSION: The histomorphometric results suggested more intensive bone regeneration in the early healing phase following the topical application of PRP. CONCLUSION: The increase in bone density facilitated by grafting with a combination of Cerasorb and PRP requires thorough study in humans.

[Alveolar bone regeneration stimulated by a combination of platelet-rich plasma and Cerasorb graft in Beagle dogs. Histological and histomorphometric studies]. / Alveolaris csontregeneráció serkentése thrombocyta-dús plasma és Cerasorb-graft kombinációjával Beagle kutyákban (Szövettani és hisztomorfometriai vizsgálatok).

Healing of extraction wounds was examined in an animal experiment model on Beagle dogs. After bilateral extraction of the premolars of 12 dogs the alveoli were filled up with a combination of beta-tricalcium phosphate (Cerasorb) graft and platelet rich plasma (PRP) on the experimental side, and with Cerasorb alone on the control side. Biopsy specimens were taken from the regenerating bone at 6, 12 and 24 weeks after surgery for histological study. Results of the histologic and histomorphometric examinations revealed that after 6 weeks the newly formed bone was significantly denser on the experimental side. After 12 weeks this difference became moderate, and after 24 weeks the bone forming activity was nearly equal on the two sides. These results suggest that local administration of Cerasorb and PRP results in more intense bone regeneration, especially in the early phase.